THE RIVERS OF THE PONTOS REGION IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOURCES: THE HALYS, IRIS  THERMODON

Abstract

The seas have shaped and moulded the surrounding geography ecologically, economically, demographically and politically for ages. However, freshwater resources, which are essential for people’s lives, also attracted human communities to themselves, and settlements were formed around the freshwater resources and streams. Like all seas, the Pontos Eukseinos (the Black Sea) shaped its surrounding geography and gave its name to the region on the south coast. The region called the Pontos in ancient times attracted attention with its suitable climatic conditions, geographical features, underground and above ground rich resources and the autochthonous peoples living on it. It is understood that the rivers were significant for the shaping of this region. These rivers not only marked the boundaries of the region, but also were regarded as the psychological border between societies and civilizations throughout history. The Halys was one of these rivers. Not only did the Pontos region mark the southern and western borders but also was considered to be the border between the eastern and western cultures throughout the ages. Another important river in the region was the Iris River being the lifeblood of the region with its waters forming the fertile plains. The Thermodon River, which gained its fame with the legendary peoples living around it, contributed to the popularisation of the region, and formed fertile lands suitable for agriculture due to its wetlands, it also significantly added value to the development of the region. This study has tried to deal with the importance of the Halys, Iris and Thermodon rivers in the Pontos Region and their images in the minds of the people throughout the ages by taking into account the axis of the ancient, medieval sources and modern research.