The protective effects of dietary garlic on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to ambient ammonia toxicity

Antioxidant and immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) anesthetized by cineole: Effects of anesthetic concentration

The benefits of dietary glycine supplementation were investigated in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following an acute ammonia challenge. Fish were fed diets supplemented with glycine (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg; named C, 2.5G, 5G and 10G, respectively) for 3 weeks, followed by 3-h exposure to 0.5 mg/L unionized ammonia nitrogen. Plasma immunoglobulin levels showed no changes in relation to ammonia challenge or dietary glycine supplementation. Dietary glycine significantly decreased plasma glucose, but increased plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione (GSH). Ammonia exposure significantly increased plasma glucose and alternative complement, but decreased plasma GSH and TAC levels. Dietary glycine and ammonia exposure induced interaction effects on plasma ammonia, urea, cortisol, lysozyme, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Before ammonia exposure, glycine administration significantly decreased plasma ammonia and urea; after ammonia exposure, glycine supplementation significantly mitigated hyperammonaemia, but stimulated uraemia. Dietary glycine induced no changes in plasma cortisol before ammonia challenge, but decreased it after the ammonia challenge. Dietary glycine had no significant effects on ALT, AST, SOD and MDA, decreased CAT, but increased GPx and GST, before ammonia exposure. Moreover, dietary glycine mitigated the ammonia-induced elevations in ALT, AST, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST and MDA. Among the treatments, 10G exhibited the lowest ammonia-induced changes in the tested parameters; thus, it is recommended to use 10 g glycine per kg diet for 3 weeks to mitigate ammonia-induced stress, oxidative stress and hepatic damages in common carp.

Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

Trichlorfon exposure in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leads to oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and immune responses

Effects of dietary phytol supplementation on growth performance, immunological parameters, antioxidant and stress responses to ammonia exposure in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hepatoprotective effects of dietary Artemisia (Artemisia annua) leaf extract on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to ambient ammonia

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential effects of olive leaf (Olea europea L.) extract (OLE) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) health in response to ambient ammonia toxicity. Fish were fed with experimental diets containing OLE (0, 1, 5 and 10 g/kg) for 60 days followed by a 3‐hr challenge with ammonia (0.5 mg/L unionized ammonia‐N). Results showed that haemoglobin levels, differential leucocyte counts and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were not affected by dietary OLE levels and ammonia challenge. Ammonia challenge significantly increased red blood cells and decreased blood mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, plasma lysozyme, complement and bactericidal activities. Plasma lysozyme, complement and total immunoglobulin values improved by 5 and/or 10 g OLE/kg supplementation. Before the ammonia exposure, the 5 and 10 g OLE/kg treatment significantly increased blood white blood cell, but there was no significant difference among the treatments after the ammonia exposure. Ammonia exposure significantly increased plasma malondialdehyde levels; however, 1 and 5 g OLE/kg treatments had significantly lower values compared to the other treatments. The present results suggest that 1 g OLE/kg diet may improve fish health and reduce the adverse effects of ammonia toxicity on common carp.

This study was done to evaluate the effect of different quercetin levels on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant status, serum biochemical factors, and high-temperature stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total number of 216 common carp with an average weight of 27.21 ± 53 g were divided into 12 tanks (four treatments × three replications) and fed 0 mg/kg quercetin (T0), 200 mg/kg quercetin (T1), 400 mg/kg quercetin (T2), and 600 mg/kg quercetin (T3) for 60 days. There were significant differences in growth performance, and the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed intake (FI) were observed in T2 and T3 (P < 0.05). Different quercetin levels significantly increased complement pathway activity (ACH50) and lysozyme activity both before and after heat stress (P < 0.05). Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in fish exposed to heat stress, but fish fed with a supplemented diet with quercetin showed the lowest levels both before and after heat stress (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly enhanced in fish fed diets supplemented with quercetin in both phases (P < 0.05). Different quercetin levels led to a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) before and after the challenging test (P < 0.05). Glucose and cortisol levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the other treatments in both phases (P < 0.05). The expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme was markedly upregulated in fish fed with quercetin-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). No marked effects were observed for growth hormone (GR) and interleukin-8 (IL8) (P > 0.05). In conclusion, dietary quercetin supplementations (400-600 mg/kg quercetin) improved growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant status and increased tolerance to heat stress.

Effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) extract inclusion in diet on growth performance, innate immunity, immune-related gene expression, and stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Early mucosal responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila

Compensatory responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under ammonia exposure: Additional effects of feeding and exercise

Antioxidant, enzymatic and hematological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with myrcene- or menthol-supplemented diets and exposed to ambient ammonia

Heredity of stress-related cortisol response in androgenetic common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.)

Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals a cellular immune response in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of wood betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance and some immune responses in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Different concentrations of the WB extract 0, 2, 4 and 8% (g per 100 g of diet) were added to commercial diet. Each treatment was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish having average initial weight of 44 ± 0.62 g for 10 weeks. The results showed that final weight, food conversion ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor were significantly improved by WB in a dose dependent manner, where the best growth parameters were achieved in the group of fish receiving the highest concentration of WB (P<0.05). Feeding fish at 2 and 4% W/W by WB in the diet improved lysozyme activity, ACH50 and IgM levels significantly in comparison to the control (P<0.05). Group of fish fed on 4% WB in the diet had the best levels of the immune characteristics (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to feed common carp with WB to improve growth and non-specific immunity.