Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of apple cider vinegar on growth performance and non-specific immune parameters of skin mucus (alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and total protein) in common carp fingerlings. For this purpose, a total of 240 fish were stocked in twelve tanks for four treatment with three replications and fed by diets supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 4 % apple cider vinegar for 60 days. The result showed that there was no significant difference in body weight increase (BWI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) among the treatments ( P >0.05). The results revealed that there is no significant difference among skin mucus alkaline phosphatase of fish in all treatments. Although skin mucus lysozyme activity and total protein significantly increased by apple cider vinegar in comparison with the control group. The highest and lowest skin mucus lysozyme activity and total protein in common carp fingerlings were observed at 2% apple cider vinegar and control group, respectively. Therefore, apple cider vinegar improves skin mucus lysozyme activity and total protein and can be a good candidate for antibiotic replacement in common carp fingerlings.

Enrichment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings diet with Psidium guajava: The effects on cutaneous mucosal and serum immune parameters and immune related genes expression

Physiological, haematological and histopathological responses in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings fed with differently detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal

IntroductionBiofloc technology (BFT) offers a sustainable approach to aquaculture by enhancing water quality and nutrient utilization. This study investigated the effects of varying carbon-to-nitrogen ratios, achieved through different combinations of jaggery and corn flour, rice flour, or rice bran, on the growth performance, body composition, histological health, and immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings in a BFT system.MethodsA 90-day experiment was conducted using common carp fingerlings, where different groups were fed diets supplemented with jaggery in combination with either corn flour, rice flour, or rice bran, creating varying C:N ratios. Water quality parameters, Biofloc volume, growth performance (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate), body composition (crude protein, crude lipid), histological analysis of liver and intestine, Biofloc morphology, and immune-related gene expression were assessed.ResultsThe addition of carbon sources, particularly jaggery and rice flour, significantly improved water quality by reducing total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate levels, and increasing Biofloc volume. The jaggery and rice flour group exhibited the highest final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and levels of crude protein and crude lipid. Histological analysis showed improved hepatic and intestinal health in this group. Biofloc morphology varied, with rod shapes observed in the jaggery and rice flour group and spherical peanut shapes in the jaggery and corn flour group. The jaggery and rice flour group also demonstrated elevated expression of immune-related genes.DiscussionThe combination of jaggery and rice flour provided an optimal C:N ratio, leading to enhanced water quality, improved growth performance, better body composition, healthier histological structure, and a strengthened immune response in common carp fingerlings. The unique Biofloc morphology and increased immune gene expression observed in this group suggest a synergistic effect of jaggery and rice flour in promoting a robust and efficient BFT system for common carp aquaculture.

The present study investigates the effects of varying levels of dietary fermented Aspergillus oryzae (0 g Kg-1 as control group, 10, 20 and 30 g Kg-1) on performance and haemato-immunological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Common carp fingerlings (n=240, w=4.56±0.17 g) were supplied, randomly stocked in 12 aquaria and fed with experimental diets for 7 weeks. The results revealed no significant differences between performance parameters of fermented A. oryzae fed test and control diets (p˃0.05). Also, evaluation of haematological parameters (RBC, Hct, Hb) and white blood cell (WBC) counts showed no notable changes between experimental groups (p˃0.05). However, respiratory burst activity was meaningfully higher in fish fed fermented A. oryzae compared to control group (p<0.05). The present results showed that possible effects of administration of fermented A. oryzae on immune responses in carp fingerlings.

The protective effects of dietary garlic on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to ambient ammonia toxicity

The natural polymer poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is converted to β-hydroxybutyric acid, which is similar to short-chain fatty acids, via microbial fermentation and host enzyme breakdown. This study investigated the impact of different PHB concentrations (Control, 1.00, 3.00, and 5.00% substitution) on growth performances and fish welfare in common carp fingerlings. After a 60-day trial, fish fed on diet containing 1.00% PHB exhibited significantly higher weight gain and improved feed conversion efficiency compared to the control group. Furthermore, analysis of enzymatic activity showed elevated levels of total protease and amylase in PHB-fed treatments compared to the control. Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels remained unaffected and a significant increase in white blood cell count was observed in fish fed on diets containing 1.00 and 3.00% PHB compared to the control group. Furthermore, fish fed on diets containing 1.00 and 3.00% PHB demonstrated significantly higher total protein levels and lower glucose concentrations as well as reduced hepatic enzyme activities (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) compared to both the control and 5.00% PHB groups. Assessment of antioxidant and immune parameters revealed significantly increased complement hemolytic activity and immunoglobulin M levels coupled with decreased malondialdehyde concentrations in the plasma of PHB-fed fish compared to the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PHB, especially at the 1.00% level, enhanced growth performance and improved nutritional and health indicators in the fingerlings. These findings suggested that PHB had the potential to be a valuable dietary additive for this species.

Enrichment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet with medlar (Mespilus germanica) leaf extract: Effects on skin mucosal immunity and growth performance

Local plant-based resources are widely used as ingredients in artificial feed formulations; the problem with these resources is that they contain anti-nutritional substances, namely phytate acid. An approach that can be used to overcome phytate acid is the addition of phytase to the artificial feed. The success of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish fingerling cultivation is supported by feed management in the form of feeding frequency that is both good and effective. The purpose of this study was to examine and find the frequency of feeding on feed utilisation and growth of common carp fingerling fed with phytase addition. This research design used an experimental method, complete randomised design (CRD), 4 treatments with 3 replications, namely treatment A (frequency of feeding once a day), treatment B (frequency of feeding twice a day), treatment C (frequency of feeding three times a day) and treatment D (frequency of feeding four times a day). The test fish used were common carp fingerling with an average weight of 1.30 ± 0.12 g/head and a stocking density of 25 fish/head size (50x50x60) cm3 which were cultured for 56 days. The variables taken include Total Feed Consumption (TFC), Efficiency of Feed Utilization (EFU), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Survival Rate (SR), and water quality. The results showed that different feeding frequencies had a significant effect on (P&lt;0.05) TKP, FCR, EPP, and RGR, but no significant effect on SR. The conclusion of this study was that the highest values for EPP and RGR variables were found in the frequency of feeding twice and four times a day. Keywords: feed, phytase, growth, efficiency

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of Jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.), a natural prebiotic, on the growth performance, proximate body composition, feed utilization, hematology, and biochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Four JA-supplemented diets were formulated at 0.0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. Fish were reared for ten weeks in cages placed in concrete ponds. Based on the results, an increase in the levels of JA supplementation led to significant improvements in growth and feed parameters (P<0.05), while the proximate body composition exhibited significant differences (P<0.05) between JA-supplemented-fed fish and the control-fed fish. The hematological profile showed that red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly enhanced by supplementing dietary with JA at varying levels (P>0.05). However, the fish fed with a JA-supplemented diet exhibited significantly lower levels of red cell distribution width, red cell distribution, monocytes, granulocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin in fL, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P<0.05). Biochemical indices revealed that fish in the experimental groups had significantly higher total protein, globulin, albumin, lipase, high-density lipoprotein, and amylase than the control-fed fish (P<0.05). The creatinine, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and low-density lipoprotein were significantly decreased in JA dietary treatments than control diet (P<0.05). It was also found that dietary JA supplements promoted growth parameters, proximate body composition, hematology, and serum biochemical in common carp fingerlings.

Common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; 7.70±0.4 g; 8.38±0.8 cm) were exposed to different concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol mixed with pure ethyl alcohol (1:1) in an open sys- tem for a short (until induction of anesthesia) or long (48 h) duration, then transferred to clean water and maintained for 96 h. The effects of the anesthetic on induction time, anesthetic stage, opercular rate, recovery time, recovery stage, and mortality were observed. For short exposure, the most suitable concentrations were 0.8, 1, and 1.2 ml/l. For long exposure, transportation, and deep sedation and partial loss of equilibrium (anesthetic stages 2 and 3), the preferable con- centrations were 0. 4 and 0.6 ml/l. No mortality was observed at any concentration.

The experiment was conducted for 112 days in 20 Aquariums with dimension of 80×30×30 cm and a capacity of 70 liters. A hundred and eighty (180) common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L.) were distributed randomly on seven treatments with three replicates per treatment except control (2 replicates). Each replicate had 9 fingerlings/ aquarium with an average body weight of 10.37 ± 0.14 g/ fish. Fish were fed seven experimental diets which were mixed locally with a protein content of 31.79- 32.24% and a metabolizable energy of 1428.194-1437.919 kcal./kg feed. Probiotic and prebiotic were added as 5, 10 and 15 gm/ Kg feed to the experimental diets except for the control diet. The results indicated no significant differences (P>0.05)among fish fed the experimental diets in final body weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, relative growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and the amount of protein consumed by fish throughout the study period. However the specific growth rates of the experimental diets were significantly different (P<0.05) compared to the control diet.

Organic acids are natural crops and produced byo fermentation in plants and have a high potential for the replacement of antibiotics in the aquaculture industry. Hence, in this study, apple vinegar was used as a kind of organic acid in the diet of common carp fingerling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of apple vinegar in different concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 4% of apple vinegar on basal diet) on some non-specific immune parameters of serum of common carp such as albumin (A), globulin (G), A/G ratio, total protein, lysozyme enzyme and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Common carp fingerling with average weight of 15±0.5 g were fed with experimental diet for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, 10 fish pieces were randomly slaughtered in each replicate and anesthetized in clove solution and blood samples were taken. The amount of albumin and globulin measured in nutritional treatments did not show a significant increase compared to the control group (p>0.05). However, total protein increased significantly at 2% level compared with other treatments and control group (p 0.05).

Jatropha curcas kernel meal is rich in protein; however, it is toxic. Two durations of detoxification process were investigated: 30 and 60 min; designated as Ja and Jb, respectively. Common carp fingerlings (252 fish; 3.2 ± 0.07 g) were fed diets: control containing fishmeal (FM); S50, Ja50 and Jb50: 50% of FM protein replaced by soybean meal (SBM), detoxified Jatropha kernel meal (DJaKM and DJbKM); S75, Ja75 and Jb75: 75% of FM protein replaced by SBM, DJaKM and DJbKM. Highest body mass gain, specific growth rate, metabolic growth rate (MGR) and energy production value were observed for the Jb50 group which were statistically similar to that for control group and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than for all other groups. Lowest feed gain ratio was observed in control group, which was statistically similar to than in Jb50 group. Lowest MGR, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and lipid production value were observed in Ja75 group. The dry matter and lipid digestibilities were statistically (P < 0.05) highest in control group and lowest in Ja50 group. Protein and energy digestibilities were statistically similar (P > 0.05) for control and Jb50 groups, and these values were highest among the groups. Highest crude protein efficiency was observed in Jb50 group, whereas lowest in Jb75 group. Relative intestinal length and hepatosomatic index were higher in plant protein–fed groups. Intestinal amylase, protease and lipase activities for control group were statistically higher (P < 0.05) than for plant protein–fed groups. Conclusively, performance of Jb50 group was similar to control group and better than other groups and, thus, is recommended as the most optimal diet for common carp fingerlings.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar a exigência de lisina para alevinos de carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio). Foram distribuí­­dos inteiramente ao acaso 280 alevinos de carpa comum com peso e comprimento inicial médio de 0,62 ± 0,05 g e 3,38 ± 0,11 cm respectivamente em 28 tanques-rede quadrados com volume útil de 150 litros, dispostos no interior de um tanque circular de alvenaria com capacidade para 25 m3 de água (sete tratamentos e quatro repetições). Os peixes foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente quatro vezes ao dia com dietas isproteicas e isoenergéticas suplementadas com lisina nas concentrações de 1,58; 1,81; 2,05; 2,29; 2,53; 2,76 e 3,0% da dieta por 57 dias. Ao final do estudo foi avaliado o desempenho produtivo, sobrevivência e composição centesimal da carcaça dos peixes. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de regressão (p&lt;0,05) e ao teste múltiplo de média Tukey. A análise do platô de resposta linear (LRP) foi aplicado adicionalmente. A suplementação de lisina melhorou (p&lt;0,05) o peso final médio, ganho de peso médio e taxa de crescimento especí­­fico e, a partir de 2,29% de suplementação de lisina na dieta, prejudicou a eficiência alimentar dos peixes. A exigência de lisina para alevinos de carpa comum é de 1,89% da dieta ou 4,73% da proteí­­na bruta para obtenção do melhor crescimento.