The Politics of Arabic Naming And Islamization In Java: Processes of Hybridization and Purification

Hydrogen was recovered and purified from coal gasification-produced syngas using two kinds of hybrid processes: a pressure swing adsorption (PSA)-membrane system (a PSA unit followed by a membrane separation unit) and a membrane-PSA system (a membrane separation unit followed by a PSA unit). The PSA operational parameters were adjusted to control the product purity and the membrane operational parameters were adjusted to control the hydrogen recovery so that both a pure hydrogen product (>99.9%) and a high recovery (>90%) were obtained simultaneously. The hybrid hydrogen purification processes were simulated using HYSYS and the processes were evaluated in terms of hydrogen product purity and hydrogen recovery. For comparison, a PSA process and a membrane separation process were also used individually for hydrogen purification. Neither process alone produced high purity hydrogen with a high recovery. The PSA-membrane hybrid process produced hydrogen that was 99.98% pure with a recovery of 91.71%, whereas the membrane-PSA hybrid process produced hydrogen that was 99.99% pure with a recovery of 91.71%. The PSA-membrane hybrid process achieved higher total H2 recoveries than the membrane-PSA hybrid process under the same H2 recovery of membrane separation unit. Meanwhile, the membrane-PSA hybrid process achieved a higher total H2 recovery (97.06%) than PSA-membrane hybrid process (94.35%) at the same H2 concentration of PSA feed gas (62.57%).

Energy efficient and environmentally friendly pervaporation-distillation hybrid process for ternary azeotrope purification

Standard industry processes for recombinant antibody production employ protein A affinity chromatography in combination with other chromatography steps and ultra-/diafiltration. This study compares a generic antibody production process with a recently developed purification process based on a series of selective precipitation steps. The new process makes two of the usual three chromatographic steps obsolete and can be performed in a continuous fashion. Cost of Goods (CoGs) analyses were done for: (i) a generic chromatography-based antibody standard purification; (ii) the continuous precipitation-based purification process coupled to a continuous perfusion production system; and (iii) a hybrid process, coupling the continuous purification process to an upstream batch process. The results of this economic analysis show that the precipitation-based process offers cost reductions at all stages of the life cycle of a therapeutic antibody, (i.e. clinical phase I, II and III, as well as full commercial production). The savings in clinical phase production are largely attributed to the fact that expensive chromatographic resins are omitted. These economic analyses will help to determine the strategies that are best suited for small-scale production in parallel fashion, which is of importance for antibody production in non-privileged countries and for personalized medicine.

Model-based evaluation of a membrane-assisted hybrid extraction-distillation process for energy and cost-efficient purification of diluted aqueous streams

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are synthesized using highly reactive reagents, catalysts, and solvents. Some of those persist as impurities in the final product and are genotoxic or carcinogenic. The conventional processes used for API purification and isolation are able to achieve the limits imposed by regulatory agencies, but at the expense of significant API losses. Here we report the development of a model to aid in the decision of which dedicated purification process, membrane or adsorption, is most suitable for removal of genotoxic impurities (GTIs), according with a small set of key intrinsic parameters. A hybrid process was developed, combining these two unit operations, to be applied when the use of OSN or adsorption alone result on non-acceptable API losses. Membrane solute rejection and solvent flux was used as parameter for OSN. In the case of adsorption, two isotherm models, Langmuir and Freundlich, were considered. The effect of the recirculation stream and amount of adsorber used on the hybrid process was investigated. Case studies were experimentally validated, confirming that combining the two unit operations can reduce API loss from 24.76% in OSN to 9.76% in a hybrid process. Economic and environmental analyses were performed.

Developing a hybrid process for wastewater purification is of utmost importance to make conventional methods more efficient and faster. Herein, an effective visible light-active nickel–nickel oxide/carbon/graphitic carbon nitride (Ni-NiO/C/g-C3N4)-based nanocatalyst was developed. A hybrid process based on ozonation and Ni-NiO/C/g-C3N4 visible light photocatalysis was applied to decolourize the Congo red (CR), Alizarin Red S (ARS), and real dairy industry wastewater. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Χ-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (UV-Vis DRS). The factors affecting the catalytic process were evaluated, including contact time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, etc. The degradation rate of CR and ARS was compared between the photocatalysis, ozonation, and integrated photocatalytic ozonation (PC/O3) methods. The results showed 100% degradation of CR and ARS within 5 min and 40 min, respectively, by integrated PC/O3. The reusability of the modified catalyst was evaluated, and four successive regenerations were achieved. The modified Ni-NiO/C/g-C3N4 composite could be considered an effective, fast, and reusable catalyst in an integrated PC/O3 process for the complete decolourization of wastewater.

Membrane/cryogenic hybrid processes for hydrogen purification

The transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Pichia membranifaciens killer toxin (PMKT) was investigated. We explored the global gene expression responses of the yeast S. cerevisiae to PMKT using DNA microarrays, real time quantitative PCR, and Northern blot. We identified 146 genes whose expression was significantly altered in response to PMKT in a non-random functional distribution. The majority of induced genes, most of them related to the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, were core environmental stress response genes, showing that the coordinated transcriptional response to PMKT is related to changes in ionic homeostasis. Hog1p was observed to be phosphorylated in response to PMKT implicating the HOG signaling pathway. Individually deleted mutants of both up- (99) and down-regulated genes (47) were studied for altered sensitivity; it was observed that the deletion of up-regulated genes generated hypersensitivity (82%) to PMKT. Deletion of down-regulated genes generated wild-type (36%), resistant (47%), and hypersensitive (17%) phenotypes. This is the first study that shows the existence of a transcriptional response to the poisoning effects of a killer toxin.

Simultaneous Synthesis of the Downstream Process and the Reactor Concept for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM)

Enhanced removal of natural organic matter by hybrid process of electrocoagulation and dead-end microfiltration

Design and comparison of energy-saving double column and triple column reactive-extractive hybrid distillation processes for ternary multi-azeotrope dehydration

Stripping-type PSA (S-PSA) is a commonly used gas separation process for purification of the light component. Rectifying-type PSA (R-PSA), although not commonly used, is a gas separation process for purifying predominately the heavy component. Because S-PSA and R-PSA each tend to favor the production of a single product, these processes are typically not used for complete binary separation. On the other hand, the gas-phase simulated-moving bed (SMB) is capable of achieving complete binary separation; however, its commercial application has been stymied by the need for carrier gas/desorbent recovery and unfavorable economics. In this work, S-PSA and R-PSA are combined with a two-zone SMB to develop S-PSA/SMB and R-PSA/SMB hybrid processes and these processes are integrated into combination-type C-PSA/SMB processes. Combining PSA and SMB eliminates the carrier gas/desorbent by taking advantage of gas expansion and by using both light and heavy purge streams. Separation of H2 and CH4 mixtures with Zeolite 5A...

The separation andpurification of xylene isomers is critical tothe production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). These separationsare complex to operate and demand tremendous amounts of energy andthus are an opportunity for reducing industrial energy consumption.Membranes provide a low-energy footprint technology with simpler operation,and recently, membrane materials have been developed that are capableof separating xylene isomers. While these materials have demonstratedthe ability to separate xylenes, they have yet to be commerciallydeployed. This work conducts a techno-economic analysis (TEA) to provideinsight on the commercial attractiveness of a p-xyleneselective carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membrane from both a cost andenergy standpoint. This TEA was conducted through the pairing of aMaxwell–Stefan transport framework for rigid microporous materialswith process modeling. Single-stage organic solvent reverse osmosis(OSRO) and pervaporation processes were used to evaluate the effectsof recovery, selectivity, and diffusivity on the energy intensityand cost of the xylene separation. The final analysis used two systems,a single pervaporation stage followed by two OSRO stages, which wascompared against a three-stage OSRO cascade. These were benchmarkedagainst the commercial Parex process. We estimate that the membraneprocesses have the potential to enable impressive cost savings comparedto the Parex process. While both systems outperformed the Parex processin terms of cost, the pervaporation/OSRO hybrid process was able toachieve the lowest cost of all due to its reduced membrane surfacearea compared to standalone OSRO. These findings demonstrate the potentialof membrane systems in the field of difficult small molecule solventseparations.

Development in forward Osmosis-Membrane distillation hybrid system for wastewater treatment

Due to the water and energy crises, wastewater treatment systems that are more energy efficient and capable of large volume degradation are a priority. Photochemical decomposition methods have a significant impact on pollutant treatment. The use of these methods in conjunction with a novel designed reactor and hybridization processes can result in considerable treatment results. This research used a fountain system in a UV/H2O2 process to generate a belt-type liquid film with a low thickness and high mixing to remove methyl orange as a model pollutant. The flow rate, H2O2 concentration, temperature, and UV intensity were the parameters evaluated in this series of tests. After 90 minutes under optimum conditions, the maximum degradation of methyl orange was 99.73 percent. The efficiency of the purification process was increased to 99 percent in 75 minutes by using the optimum state of hybridization of UV/US/H2O2 processes. Two deep neural network models and a pseudo-first-order kinetic model were created to fit the experimental data. The results reveal a good fit between the experimental data and the model prediction. The discovered synergistic factor (1.168) and energy yield (2.65 g/kWh) demonstrated the high efficiency of the hybridization process and the outstanding function of the designed system, respectively.