The β‐δ‐Phase Transition and Thermal Expansion of Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐Tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐Tetrazocine

Abstract

AbstractPhase behavior of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) is investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns at elevated temperature show that there is a co‐existing temperature range of β‐ and δ‐phase during the phase transition process. Additionally, mechanical forces can catalyze the conversion from δ‐ back to β‐phase. Based on the diffraction patterns of β‐ and δ‐phase at different temperatures, we calculate the coefficients of thermal expansion by Rietveld refinement. For β‐HMX, the linear coefficients of thermal expansion of a‐axis and b‐axis are about 1.37×10−5 and 1.25×10−4 °C−1. A slight decrease in c‐axis with temperature is also observed, and the value is about −0.63×10−5 °C−1. The volume coefficient of thermal expansion is about 1.60×10−4 °C−1, with a 2.2% change from 30 to 170 °C. For δ‐HMX, the linear coefficients of thermal expansion of a‐axis and c‐axis are found to be 5.39×10−5 and 2.38×10−5 °C−1, respectively. The volume coefficient of thermal expansion is about 1.33×10−4 °C−1, with a 2.6% change from 30 to 230 °C. The results indicate that β‐HMX has a similar volume coefficient of thermal expansion compared with δ‐HMX, and there is about 10.5% expansion from β‐HMX at 30 °C to δ‐HMX at 230 °C, of which about 7% may be attributed to the reconstructive transition.