Abstract
The cranial muscles of cartilaginous fishes are the actuators of their feeding and respiratory mechanisms, and are thus of great interest regarding vertebrate evolutionary history and functional diversification. The following is a guide to the gross anatomy and function of these muscles in the three main lineages of cartilaginous fishes. Sharks are represented by the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, batoids by the southern guitarfish Rhinobatos percellens, and holocephalans by the spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei.
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