THE INFLUENCE OF THE APPLICATION OF SOME NEW TYPES OF CALCAREOUS AMENDMENTS ON SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AND QUALITY, IN THE CONDITIONS OF SCDA PITEȘTI IN 2021

Abstract. Suhartanti PD, Handajani S, Nandariyah. 2019. Physical characteristics of the seeds of soybean (Glycine max) varieties and the effect of fermentation time on the chemical characteristics of tempeh. Cell Biol Dev 3: 13-18. Soybean is the main raw material for making tempeh, and so far, the raw material for tempeh is imported soybeans. Therefore, Indonesia needs to develop soybean varieties to overcome this matter. The soybean varieties are expected to be processed into tempeh with good physical and chemical properties. This study aims to determine the effect of different varieties on the physical characteristics of soybean seeds and fermentation time on the chemical characteristics of tempeh. The research design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors, namely soybean varieties (Grobogan, Argomulyo, Seulawah, Anjasmoro, Burangrang, and Galunggung) and variations in fermentation time (30, 42, and 54 hours). The results showed that the difference in varieties did not affect the color of the tempeh. Different varieties affect seed weight, water absorption, and swelling power of soybeans. Soybean varieties that have the best physical characteristics (highest water absorption and swelling power) are Grobogan. Variations in fermentation time affect the chemical properties of tempeh. Longer fermentation time will increase the tempeh's water, ash, and total protein content but decrease the fat and carbohydrate content. The soybean variety with the best chemical characteristics (highest protein content) is Galunggung. The soybean seed coat is yellow and greenish-yellow, and the color of the tempeh is white. The biggest weight is the Grobogan var of 24.14 g, and the largest water absorption capacity of the Grobogan var is 188%. Therefore, the biggest swelling power of Grobogan var is 150%. Based on the time of fermentation, the highest water content of tempeh was found in Grobogan var (54 hours), with 67.33%. The highest ash content of tempeh was in Anjasmoro var (30 hours), with 1.97%. The highest fat content of tempeh was in Galunggung var (30 hours), with 8.89%. The highest protein content of tempeh was in the Galunggung var. (54 hours) with 25.17%%. The highest carbohydrate content was in the Seulawah var (42 hours), with 11.43%.

Abstract. Suhartanti PD, Handajani S, Nandariyah. 2019. Physical characteristics of the seeds of soybean (Glycine max) varieties and the effect of fermentation time on the chemical characteristics of tempeh. Cell Biol Dev 3: 63-68. Soybean is the main raw material for making tempeh. So far, the raw material for tempeh is imported soybeans. Therefore, Indonesia needs to develop soybean varieties to overcome this. The soybean varieties are expected to be processed into tempeh with good physical and chemical properties. This study aims to determine the effect of different varieties on the physical characteristics of soybean seeds and the effect of fermentation time on the chemical characteristics of tempeh. The research design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors, namely soybean varieties (Grobogan, Argomulyo, Seulawah, Anjasmoro, Burangrang, and Galunggung) and variations in fermentation time (30, 42, and 54 hours). The results showed that the difference in varieties did not affect the color of the tempeh. Different varieties affect seed weight, water absorption, and swelling power of soybeans. Soybean varieties that have the best physical characteristics (highest water absorption and swelling power) are Grobogan. Variations in fermentation time affect the chemical properties of tempeh. Longer fermentation time will increase the tempeh's water, ash, and total protein content but decrease the fat and carbohydrate content. The soybean variety with the best chemical characteristics (highest protein content) is Galunggung. The soybean seed coat is yellow and greenish-yellow, and the color of the tempeh is white. The biggest weight is the Grobogan var of 24.14 g. The largest water absorption capacity of Grobogan var is 188%. Therefore, the biggest swelling power of Grobogan var is 150%. Based on the time of fermentation, the highest water content of tempeh was found in Grobogan var (54 hours), with 67.33%. The highest ash content of tempeh was in Anjasmoro var (30 hours), with 1.97%. The highest fat content of tempeh was in Galunggung var (30 hours), with 8.89%. The highest protein content of tempeh was in the Galunggung var. (54 hours), with 25.17%. The highest carbohydrate content was in the Seulawah var (42 hours), with 11.43%.

Soybean Crop in Romania, Bulgaria and the Republic of Moldova: Current Situation and Perspectives

Soybean is one of the major oilseed crops cultivated in India and globally. In India, it is mainly cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Telangana. Despite being grown in large areas, the importance of soybean and its oil is still very prevalent. The objective was to investigate the impact of foliar spraying of thiourea at three different concentrations (250, 500, and 750 ppm) during two growth stages (20-25 days after sowing and 50-55 days after sowing) on two soybean varieties, PS1347 and SL958. Several growth parameters were recorded and then analysed, such as plant height, plant dry weight, stem girth, leaf chlorophyll content, intercepted PAR, crop growth rate and relative growth rate. It was found that thiourea brought a positive influence on the crop, and the maximum improvement was recorded by foliar spraying of 750 ppm thiourea, which was statistically at par with the foliar spray of thiourea at the concentration of 500 ppm.

The high number of soybean's import has led to various efforts to increase soybean production through increasing productivity, expanding planting areas, and improving management. One that can be done in maximizing soybean performance is the application of biological fertilizer such as mycorrhiza because it was able to increase nutrien tuptake and water and even drought tolerance. This study aims to determine the effect of encapsulation of soybean seeds enriched with mycorrhiza and explain the effect of mycorrhiza on soybean growth and yield. This study used three soybean varieties namely Anjasmoro, Grobogan, and Argomulyo which treated with encapsulation + mycorrhiza, mycorrhiza addition, and without mycorrhiza. The observation include number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, percentage of filled pods per plant, seed weight per plant and weight of 100 seeds. Data on seed weight per plant showed significantly different among varieties and Anjasmoro was the highest. The application of mycorrhiza through seed encapsulation did not improve the soybean performance.

The high demand for soybeans has not yet been met by domestic production, leading to an increase in soybean imports each year. Efforts to boost local soybean production by expanding cultivation areas can be pursued through the implementation of agroforestry systems, although this approach may present challenges in the form of physiological disturbances. This study aimed to assess the optimal doses of cow manure, varieties, and interactions in increasing growth and yield as well as mitigating physiological diseases of soybean in mahogany agroforestry. The research was conducted at Forest with Special Purpose (FwSP) Alas Bromo, Sebelas Maret University, Karanganyar, from April-July 2024. The method used was a Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications and two factors. The first factor was soybean variety (Grobogan, Anjasmoro, Dena-1, and Dena-2), while the second factor was cow manure dosage (0, 15, and 30 t.ha −1 ). The results showed that a cow manure dose of 15 t.ha −1 effectively reduced the etiolation index and the physiological disease index, while increasing the mitigation index. The Dena-2 variety exhibited a low physiological disease index and high values for the mitigation index. The interaction between 15 t.ha −1 of cow manure and Dena-2 variety was particularly effective in reducing the physiological disease index and enhancing the mitigation index.

This work investigates how magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles affect the mechanical performance of jute fiber-reinforced epoxy bio-nanocomposites. Three composite variations were generated using hand lay-up (HLU): one without MgO, one with 2% MgO, and another with 4%. The laminate surface was uniformly subjected to a controlled load of 30kg using a flat steel plate and mechanical weights to ensure homogeneous bonding. All samples were cured accordingly. Tensile and flexural tests as well as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used together to evaluate structural and chemical properties. Tensile test results revealed that the MgO-free composite exhibited higher tensile strength and stiffness, whereas the 2% MgO composite showed higher strain at failure, indicating improved ductility and toughness. This highlights a clear trade-off between strength and ductility depending on MgO content. Though all samples showed similar flexural strength, which is 39MPa, flexural analysis revealed that the MgO-free composite had the greatest flexural modulus, which is 320.542MPa, while the 2% MgO composite showed the lowest, which is 264.123MPa. FTIR verified interactions between MgO and the epoxy matrix on a chemical level. Peaks at 3286cm⁻¹, 1712cm⁻¹, and 1264cm⁻¹ in the MgO-free composite matched hydroxyl, carbonyl, and ester groups. These slightly changed peaks in the 2% MgO composite point to improved bonding. Reduced dispersion efficiency and further peaks at 350cm⁻¹ were shown by the 4% MgO sample. These results were validated by SEM pictures displaying homogeneous MgO distribution at 2% and notable aggregation at 4%. Using without MgO was the best choice because it increased tensile strength and chemical bonding while keeping the structure strong, making it a good option for eco-friendly industrial applications.

The field experiment was carried out at Haro Sabu Agriculture Research Center, during2013 with the objectives of determining the effect of varieties and population densities ofsoybean intercropped with maize on yield and yield components of associated crops andproductivity of the system. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replication infactorial combination of three soybean varieties (Boshe, Ethio-Yugoslavia and Didesa)and three soybean plant populations (25%, 50% and 75%) along with respective solecrop of soybean varieties and maize BHQPY-545. Plant density of the intercroppedsoybean varieties significantly (P<0.05) affected number of ears per plant, thousandkernel weight and HI of maize. The higher number of ears per plant (2.30), thousandkernels weight (243.88 g) and HI (38.11%) were obtained from 25% soybean population.The highest number of ears per plant (2.31) was obtained from intercropping of maizewith soybean variety Boshe. Maize grain yield was significantly (P<0.05) affected by theinteraction of main effects. The highest maize grain yield (7.33 t ha-1) was obtained fromthe combination of 50% soybean population of variety Boshe. Sole cropped maize gavesignificantly higher number of kernels per ear, biological yield, grain yield and HI than therespective intercrop. Biological yield and grain yield of soybean were significantly(P<0.01) affected by soybean varieties. Biological yield (5.53t ha-1) and grain yield (2.20 tha-1) of soybean was recorded for variety Didesa. Plant population and soybean varietysignificantly (P<0.01) affected number of pod per plant. The highest number of pod perplant (50 and 45) was obtained from 25% soybean population and variety Boshe,respectively. Number of pod per plant also significantly (P<0.05)affected by croppingsystem. The higher grain yield (2.09t ha-1) was obtained from soybean population of75%. Considering the experimental findings intercropping of maize with 50% soybeanpopulation and Didesa Variety was recommended for the study area

Soybean stands out as a highly prized agricultural crop due to its exceptional nutritional attributes. The proteins found in soybean possess a distinctive profile, featuring essential non-exchangeable amino acids that closely resemble those present in animal proteins. This composition renders soybean proteins a valuable and comprehensive source of vital nutrients. This article offers insights into the biochemical characteristics of imported soybean varieties and samples grown under typical gray soil conditions in Uzbekistan. Specifically, it examines various parameters to assess the quality and composition of these leguminous crops. The study presents data on crucial components such as protein and oil content, both of which constitute the primary constituents of these crops. Additionally, the research delves into the moisture content of the seeds, which contributes to understanding their overall quality. Furthermore, the article provides information about the origin of the soybean varieties under investigation, shedding light on their respective countries of origin. By analyzing these biochemical indicators and considering the seeds’ moisture content and source, the study contributes to a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability, adaptability, and potential economic value of these foreign soybean varieties within the specific agroecological context of typical gray soils in Uzbekistan.

Offering new soybean varieties to agricultural producers necessitates research on their adaptation to certain soil and climatic conditions of cultivation. Therefore, the sign of the length of the vegetation period is crucial for growing soybeans in specifc soil and climatic conditions. The studies carried out in 2019–2021 have shown a signifcant dependence of the length of the vegetation period on weather conditions. Thus, the weather conditions in 2021 caused the longest vegetation period for soybean varieties, and the weather conditions in 2020 determined the shortest vegetation period for this legume. It was found that with the introduction of N 30P60K60 the shortest vegetation period was in the precocious variety of soybean Samorodok and it lasted 101 days. The longer vegetation period was in the precocious soybean cultivar Rogiznyanka and lasted with an average of 113 days. Early maturing soybean cultivars Orpheus and Triada had an average vegetation period of 112 and 122 days. For the middle early maturing varieties of Eurydice and Arrata the vegetation period lasted 113 and 127 days, respectively. In medium-ripe varieties Azimuth and Aurora the vegetation period lasted 118 and 121 days, respectively. Pre-sowing seed treatment with Rhizoactive extended the vegetation period of the Samorodok soybean cultivar by one day, and the Rogiznyanka, Triada, Orpheus, Arrata, Eurydice, Azimuth and Aurora soybean varieties by two days. On average, over the three years of research, it was found that in the Western Forest-Steppe conditions against the background of N30P60K60 application, seed treatment with Rhizoactive and Fulvohumin foliar fertilization, the Arrata soybean cultivar had the longest vegetation period with the duration of 130 days. Thus, varietal characteristics made the most significant factor influencing the duration of soybean vegetation in the research. At the same time, inoculation of seeds with Rhizoactive and foliar fertilization of crops with Fulvohumin changed the duration of the vegetation period of the studied soybean varieties by only 1–3 days. The studied varieties differed signifcantly in the initiation and rate of growth and development phases of soybean plants. Since the degree of compliance of growth and development factors with the optimal value varies signifcantly depending on the phenological phase, it is advisable to grow several varieties of different maturity groups in order to achieve stable soybean production. Key words: soybean, cultivar, vegetation period, fertilizers, Rhizoactive, Fulvohumin.

Zinc oxide was considered to be substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) as the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films used in display industry according to indium is a rare and expensive metal. For the flexible display, the polymeric materials used as the flexible substrates are more bendable and lighter weight compared to the glass substrates used in flat panel display. However, the thermal sensitivity of polymer affects the properties of TCOs layers when it was deposited at room temperature. In this study, we doped the different ratio of indium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide into zinc oxide to improve the properties of zinc oxide used as the TCOs films deposited by the sputtering method. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used as the flexible substrate without thermal process and the glass was used as the comparison substrate with annealing. The light transmittance and the surface resistivity were measured. The chemical composition and the crystal structure were analyzed by using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and X-ray diffraction measurement.

ABSTRACTInternational food trade plays an important role in food security, but little research has been devoted to studying crop dynamics in importing countries caused by trade. We studied the spatiotemporal patterns of soybean planting area in China (the largest soybean importing country) in response to soybean imports. The results show how the soybean planting area from 1980 to 2012 in China is dominated by two temporal patterns, both of which first increased, then decreased, with an 8-year time lag. The first increasing-decreasing pattern is affected by increasing soybean imports, and the second increasing-decreasing pattern is driven by decreasing domestic soybean profits. The results also show spatially distinct spatial patterns: soybean planting area decreased in southeastern China while it increased in northwestern China. Our analysis of soybean planting area helps China and other food-importing countries understand spatiotemporal responses of domestic agricultural cultivations caused by international food trade and agricultural pollution management.

Waterlogging can cause damage to soybean plants that can decrease the growth and yield. The objective of this research was to measure the growth and production of three soybean varieties such as Burangrang, Anjasmoro and Argomulyo, imposed on waterlogging at vegetative stage (V5) along with the application of GA3 and Salicylic acid. Waterlogging was conducted for 72 h by sinking the planting media inside a pool filled with water. Number of leaves, pod, seed and chlorophyll content were measured. The result showed that foliar application of GA3 (200 ppm) together with Salicylic acid (150ppm) for each enhanced the number of pod and seed for Burangrang soybean variety on waterlogged condition compared with normal condition. Burangrang and Anjasmoro soybean varieties gave the highest chlorophyll content on waterlogged condition after being applied by the same dose of plant growth regulators. In term of yield (number of pod and seed per plant), Burangrang soybean variety is the most promising variety to plant in waterlogged condition.

Considering environmental conditions in the selection of soybean (Glycine max L.) varieties is a key strategy in ensuring high crop yield. Recently, the new technology of multi-hybrid planters has been making it more practical for farmers to plant different varieties together. However, there remains a gap in understanding how different varieties perform in terms of yield class; this knowledge is essential for technology adoption. The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate the agronomic performance of six soybean varieties at varying yield class (YC); (ii) quantify the economic return of within-field varieties arrangement; and (iii) propose guidelines for multi-variety soybean planting in Southern Brazil. The experimental design comprised a factorial split-plot set up in a randomized complete block design, with three YC [low (LY), medium (MY) and high yielding (HY)] and six varieties, replicated three times. The main findings were: (a) soybean variety performance differed according to YC; (b) the farmer-selected variety performed well for HY and MY; (c) varieties with high plant height (PH) should be placed in LY, where PH reduction and an increase in the number of pods and yield were recorded; (d) varieties with low PH should be placed in HY, avoiding excessive plant growth and yield penalty; (e) within-field variety arrangement increased yield by 2.10% and 11.50% and economic return by US$ 26 and 137 ha−1 for HY and LY, respectively. The results support the emergent concept of within-field multi-variety soybean planting in Southern Brazil.

The precipitation of magnesium from marine-derived feedstocks (e.g. waste brine discharged from desalination plants), has several environmental and economic advantages, if the right conditions are provided. In this work, the synthesis of reactive magnesium oxide (MgO) from the feedstock of simulated waste brine was demonstrated. One of the main challenges is the high energy consumption during the calcination of brucite, requiring the optimization of the calcination process to reduce this energy demand. To investigate this aspect, different calcination temperatures (400–550 °C) and durations (1−2 h) were examined and the synthesized MgO was evaluated for its chemical composition, specific surface area (SSA), reactivity and microstructure. The obtained results revealed the critical calcination condition that distinguished between low and high reactivity MgO, which also differentiated between plate-like and fiber-like morphology of MgO. Optimization of the calcination conditions led to SSA values as high as 167 m2/g. Calcination conditions with a minimum energy demand were identified for achieving MgO powders with a high reactivity, high SSA, and morphologies with a high propensity for hydration and/or carbonation reactions.