The Importance of Historical Perspective

The article reviews the progress of urban geography in the United States during the 1980s. Since urban geography contains a variety of topics and perspectives, it is difficult to recognize any noticeable movement which stands out in the discipline during the decade. Under this circumstance, the article highlights the importance of historical perspective in urban geography, which has been pointed out in some recent review articles. The importance of historical perspective is justified in that, to understand what is where in the urban context, it is necessary to comprehend the process which has resulted in the present distribution, location, spatial interaction, et cetera. Thus, the historical perspective does not simply imply the study of urban phenomena in the past, but it does emphasize the study of change which took place over time.The importance of historical perspective thus defined is reviewed for two major areas of study in urban geography : the system of cities and the internal structure of cities. The latter category is further divided into subareas of study such as urban morphology and the interpretation of urban landscape. In any areas of urban geography, it is hoped that a study with the historical perspective enriches our understanding of contemporary cities that change quickly.This article also reviews topics and perspectives in urban geography that are popular in the United States but not in Japan. These include ethnicity, gender, poverty, and aging and the aged in urban living. The underlying perspective in these issues is equity, the lack of which Japan is sometimes criticized for. With increasing amount of ideas and people exchanged at the international scale, it is expected that the above issues will be studied more intensively in Japanese urban geography.

As the terms political polarization and divisiveness are cemented into the public discourse, political communication scholars could benefit from further incorporating historical perspective and met...

Bilim ve dış politikanın kesişim noktasında yer alan bilim diplomasisi kavramı, devletler arasında ikili ve çok taraflı bilimsel iş birliklerine ortak bir zemin sunma potansiyeli nedeniyle küresel iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkilerine paralel olarak son yıllarda sıklıkla gündeme gelmektedir. Bilim diplomasisinin kavramsallaşmasını Antarktika Antlaşmalar Zirvesi’ne dayandıran görüşler nedeniyle öncülleri, boyutları ve uygulama usullerine yönelik gerçekleştirilen güncel çalışmalarda konunun daha kapsamlı ele alınabilmesi için tarihsel perspektifin önemi vurgulanmıştır. Türkiye’nin kutuplara yönelik bilimsel araştırmalarına tarihsel perspektiften bakıldığında ise kutup araştırmalarına yönelik ilgisinin 1932 ve 1933 yılları arasında 34 devletin katılımıyla düzenlenen 2. Uluslararası Kutup Yılı’na dayandığı görülmektedir. Bu minvalde çalışma kapsamında tarihsel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı’nda yer alan resmi dokümanların yanı sıra söz konusu dokümanlarda elde edilen bulguların ışığında kutup araştırmalarına katkı sağlayan Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü ve Harita Genel Müdürlüğü gibi çeşitli kurumların arşivleri de taranarak bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla Türkiye’nin kutup bilim diplomasisi sürecine ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; başarılı bir kamu diplomasisi faaliyeti olarak yürütmekte olduğu kutuplara yönelik bilimsel araştırmalarına 2017 yılında İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ) bünyesinde Kutup Araştırmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (PolReC)’in kurulmasıyla yaptığı atılım sonrasında 2019 yılında Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) bünyesinde Kutup Araştırmaları Enstitüsü (KARE)’nin kurulmasıyla kurumsal bir nitelik ve ivme kazandıran Türkiye’nin, kutup bilim diplomasisi potansiyelini geliştirmesine katkı sağlamaktır.

Genetics and extinction of island endemics: the importance of historical perspectives

The computer science education of nontechnical liberal arts students is a matter of increasing concern. In this paper it is argued that computer scientists should promote and teach their subject more in line with the traditional aims of liberal education when dealing with students of this type. A framework for doing this is presented which involves a broad view of ``computer literacy'''' based upon what other authors have written about ``scientific literacy.'''' The structure of a computer science appreciation course is outlined which embodies the ideas of liberal education described. The importance of historical perspective is emphasized. Key Words and Phrases: Computer literacy, liberal arts student, liberal education, history of computation, scientific literacy.

THIS ISSUE OF BC STUDIES honours Cole Harris's book Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia (UBC Press, 2002), which has won the 2002 Sir John A. Macdonald Prize (for book in Canadian history) and a Clio Award (for exceptional contributions to regional history) from the Canadian Historical Association, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's 2003 Massey Medal (for outstanding achievement in Canadian Geography), and the K.D. Shivastava Prize from UBC Press (for excellence in scholarly publishing). This editorial is occasioned by Harris's achievement, and it is my pleasure to briefly comment on both his accomplishments in this book and his wider contribution to the fields of geography and British Columbian studies. Harris has long been one of North America's leading historical geographers and one of the most eloquent and respected methodological voices within the discipline of geography. He is very much the historian's geographer (concerned with how we write historical narratives of geographical change) rather than the geographer's historian (interested in the intellectual development of his field), and is perhaps best known to Canadians for his editorship of the Historical Atlas of Canada, vol. 1: From the beginning to 1800 (1987), and his coeditorship (with Jean Barman) of this journal. But he has also written a number of influential disciplinary essays about the nature and importance of historical perspectives within geography, and has long favoured regional synthesis, the study of rural landscapes, and a

This paper reviews the literature on Canadian public policies affecting magazines, books, sound recordings, films and video productions, and radio and television broadcasting focusing on the themes of “cultural development” and “open economy.” The author’s premises are that the primary significance of cultural works is social, cultural, and political. A positive cultural climate provides opportunities for talented individuals to create works of the imagination that develop a body of shared knowledge which provides communities and nations with a collective memory. When made widely available, cultural works allow for current realities to be explored, reflected, debated, and contested, thereby laying secure foundations for independence and democracy. In the body of the paper the author considers the importance of historical perspective, the connection between chosen frameworks for policy analysis and resulting policy measures, and the critical need for precisely stated and explicitly analyzed policy goals. It identifies current information shortfalls for sound policy development, and suggests a more focused approach for further research.

Ambulatory Inotrope Infusions: The Importance of Historical Perspective

The Essential Truth of Fiction and the Importance of Historical Perspective

The past several years have seen the emergence (or, in some cases, reemergence) of a number of arguments that question whether the previous American historical experience of sustained economic and pop? ulation growth can be extended indefinitely into the future. For example, a brief scanning of any major daily newspaper in the United States (say the New York Times) over the past year would produce statements of the following type:1

The paper offers reflections on the author’s working experience as an industrial sociologist from the 1960s. It seeks to contextualise this in more general considerations of the part played by industrial sociology in the development of sociology in the UK. This is evidenced in thematic concerns, the importance of historical perspectives as well as the use of case studies and the development of ethnographic work. It discusses the role which industrial sociology has played in bringing issues of power, authority, control and class into sharp focus.

When robust clinical trials are lacking, clinicians are often forced to extrapolate safe and effective evidence-based interventions from one patient care setting to another. This article is about such an extrapolation from the intensive care unit (ICU) to the long-term acute care hospital (LTACH) setting. Chronic critical illness is an emerging, disabling, costly, and yet relatively silent epidemic that is central to both of these settings. The number of chronically critically ill patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation is expected to reach unprecedented levels over the next decade. Despite the prevalence, numerous distressing symptoms, and exceptionally poor outcomes associated with chronic critical illness, to date there is very limited scientific evidence available to guide the care and management of this exceptionally vulnerable population, particularly in LTACHs. Recent studies conducted in the traditional ICU setting suggest interprofessional, multicomponent strategies aimed at effectively assessing, preventing, and managing pain, agitation, delirium, and weakness, such as the ABCDEF bundle, may play an important role in the recovery of the chronically critically ill. This article reviews what is known about the chronically critically ill, provide readers with some important historical perspectives on the ABCDEF bundle, and address some controversies and practical implications of adopting the ABCDEF bundle into the everyday care of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation in the LTACH setting. We believe developing new and better ways of addressing both the science and organizational aspects of managing the common and distressing symptoms associated with chronic critical illness and prolonged mechanical ventilation will ultimately improve the quality of life for the many patients and families admitted to LTACHs annually.

The real Adam Smith, like his contemporary copy, wrote during a period of long economic crisis. He made the two above cited observations, which afford us important historical perspective on the contemporary debt crisis.

In this issue of JAMA, Stoll and colleagues report on care practices, morbidity, and mortality of 34 636 infants 22 through 28 weeks’ gestation, weighing 401 to 1500 g, born at 26 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network centers between 1993 and 2012.1 This article provides an important historical perspective over the last 2 decades in neonatal-perinatal medicine and the most recent update on trends in neonatal care. For the overall population of these preterm infants, survival increased from 70% in 1993 to 79% in 2012. The improvement in survival was greatest between 2009 and 2012 among infants 23 weeks’ (reaching 33%) and 24 weeks’ (reaching 65%) gestational age; with smaller relative increases for infants 25 and 27 weeks’ gestation; and no change for infants aged 22, 26, and 28 weeks’ gestation. Perhaps not seeing substantial changes in survival in the more mature infants in this cohort is not surprising; these infants are no longer at high risk of dying. What is heartening is the improvement in survival without morbidity observed among infants at 27 and 28 weeks’ gestation (27 weeks: 35% in 1993 to 50% in 2012 among infants surviving to discharge; 28 weeks: 43% to 59%). The unfortunate corollary to this finding is that although survival improved in the least-mature infants, no improvement in survival without morbidity was seen in infants who were 22 to 24 weeks’ gestation. Details regarding the individual morbidities experienced by these infants over the past 20 years are less clear. Severe intracranial hemorrhage decreased, but these improvements were restricted to infants at 26 to 28 weeks’ gestation. Similarly, improvements in periventricular leukomalacia were limited to this more mature population. Little improvement was observed in necrotizing enterocolitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia increased. Late-onset sepsis presented a mixed picture; no changes were seen for the first 12 years and then substantial improvements occurred in the last 8 years. Similar findings have been reported by the Vermont Oxford Network (VON), a voluntary collaboration of health care professionals whose mission is to improve the quality and safety of medical care for newborns and their families.2 VON member centers are more diverse than the NICHD Neonatal Research Network, including both community and academic neonatal intensive care units and many of the Neonatal Research Network centers. Approximately 90% of very low–birth-weight infants born in the United States are currently included in the VON database. Trends over the past 20 years have been reported in 2 articles.3,4 The first detailed outcomes for a cohort of 118 448 infants who weighed 501 to 1500 g at birth from 362 neonatal intensive care units between 1991 and 1999.3 The rates of mortality, as well as many morbidities including pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage, declined between 1991 and 1995, but did not change significantly in the latter half of the 20th century. A second article reported outcomes between 2000 and 2009 and found meaningful but smaller changes in mortality and morbidity.4 Among infants weighing 501 to 1500 g at birth, mortality decreased from 14.3% to 12.4% and major morbidity in survivors decreased from 46.4% to 41.4%. As in the current study, changes in mortality were greatest in the smallest and least mature infants; for infants weighing 501 to 750 g at birth, mortality decreased by 5.3% (41.8%36.6%). Of note, rates of mortality and morbidity were lower in the VON database, likely due to differences in the populations reported (infants weighing 401-500 g at birth are not reported by VON) and perhaps reflecting differences in case mix. Certain outcomes seem to have been somewhat resistant to change in both networks; little change or worse outcomes were seen in chronic lung disease, periventricular leukomalacia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. What might account for these changes in outcome? Throughout these 20 years, there have beenmany changes in practice. Inboth theNeonatalResearchNetworkandVON,substantial differences were noted in obstetric practices, including the increased use of antenatal corticosteroids and cesareandelivery.1,3-5 Undoubtedly, evidence-based interventions, suchas the increaseduseofantenatal corticosteroids,havecontributed to improving many outcomes.6 Many other practices have changed, but the effect on outcomes seems less certain. In the past 10 years, delivery room intubation has decreased and the use of noninvasive respiratory support has increased.1,5 High-frequency ventilation has increased substantially throughout the past 2 decades. Yet little change has been seen in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the outcome most linked to these respiraRelated article page 1039 Editorial Opinion

My paper presents a legend tradition related to a well-known Hungarian (Transyl­vanian) place of pilgrimage. Csíksomlyó (Miercurea–Ciuc/Sumuleu) – cur­rently part of Romania ‒ has become a significant place of pilgrimage in the 20th century, similarly to Austria’s Mariazell, Spain’s Santiago de Compostela, the Orthodox Church’s Athos, or the main international shrines to the Virgin Mary (Lourdes, Fatima, Medjugorje). Around this famous pilgrimage place known from the 15th century a thematically rich legend circle has developed over the centuries, typical of Hungarian folklore, which abounds in historical and narrative traditions. At the centre of the group of legends stands the statue of the Virgin Mary, of gothic origin, the miraculous reputation of which is complemented by several historical legend themes (foundational traditions, wars, heroes and saints, crime and punish­ment and other legend motifs inspired by the sacred place). I highlight the most important historical perspectives, the chronological characteristics, the geographical distribution and, above all, the typological diversity of these legends. The legend circle of the shrine of Csíksomlyó in Romania is the totality of the related narrative traditions, that is to say, both the hundred-year-old miracle stories found in written form in different historical sources, and the recent folklore texts collected from oral tradi­tion. Although the time and the circumstances of the records differ significantly, the aim of the narration and the topic of the legends are the same. The legends about the shrine – separated into the given thematic groups – are an organic part of the Catalogue of Hungarian Historical Legends.