The implications of urban expansion to commuter travel behavior in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area

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For decades, urban development is characterized by a rapid growth population and built-up expansion into the outskirts. Residential development shifted from the city center to the suburbs or the peripheral area, known as suburbanization. Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) is a primate urban area in Indonesia, marked with only 0.33% of the national land area. Still, this region contributes about one-fourth of Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and accommodates about 12,4 % of Indonesia’s total population in 2017. JMA is still rapidly growing and encouraging the expansion of residents into its suburbs, and this will affect the travel behavior of daily commuting to and from home to destination. This article aims to analyze the implications of JMA expansion to its commuter’s travel behavior from the perspective of the commuter’s social-economic and physical psychological burden. The result of this study shows that the more expansion urban areas in metropolitan areas, the more increasingly causing problems in commuting from the suburbs to activities centers, in term of longer travel distances, longer travel times, more travel cost, and all these cause commuter stress, and more robust for the lower-income groups.