The God Šamaš with His Political and Social Aspects in Ancient Mesopotamia

Abstract

The Ancient Mesopotamian societies showcased their culture through a structural amalgamation of politics, economy, and particularly religion. Within this framework, they fulfilled religious obligations under the worship of numerous gods and goddesses throughout various stages of life, seeking to sustain earthly existence and attain peace in the afterlife. In this context, the cult of the god Šamaš held significant importance among the Ancient Mesopotamian societies. It is recognized, however, that Utu, the Sumerian sun god, formed the foundation of the Šamaš cult. Utu held a revered status within Sumerian society, symbolizing the sun and justice, which governed people’s lives and was deemed essential for a fair societal order. Following the Sumerian era, Utu was referenced as the god Šamaš in Semitic societies. Consequently, Utu was mostly associated with justice, whereas Šamaš was renowned for upholding and enforcing laws to ensure justice. Revered by many societies, Šamaš was consistently viewed as integral to power and authority in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian rulers had to justify their power and endorse every action they took in the eyes of their people, portraying themselves as deputies and shepherds of the gods. In doing so, rulers relied on the support of specific gods to establish their authority on religious grounds. This study seeks to explore the influence of the god Šamaš on Ancient Mesopotamian societies across various facets. It aims to delve into what Šamaš signified in the daily lives of people and what expectations they held regarding their beliefs. Additionally, the research will investigate Šamaš’s roles in Ancient Mesopotamian politics, intra-state dynamics, and inter-state relations.