The Future of Eurasia: In the Vice between Transatlanticism and Chinese Expansion?

Introduction. The problem of the article is to focus on a range of aspects in the field of integration of science and higher education, which play an important role in the process of establishing the Eurasian scientific and educational space. The purpose of the article is to identify factors contributing to successful Eurasian integration in the process of establishing scientific educational space within the university. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is made up of general scientific (philosophical) methods and a systematic approach. The subject of the study required the use of a combination of different approaches, primarily systemic, which allowed to conduct the correct analysis of applying historically established and modern educational technologies and practices in Eurasian education, as well as to describe some aspects of the effective integration of science and education in the Eurasian space. The object of the study is the experience of the University under the IPA EurAsEC on developing a system of scientific, organizational, research, publishing and educational activities in the Eurasian space. The authors used the following research methods: comparative, historical, interdisciplinary, content analysis method, etc. Results. The article considers the experience of using methods of ethno pedagogy in preparing innovative staff for the Eurasian space as a means of developing scientific and educational cooperation, expanding Eurasian integration, and giving it a humanitarian dimension. The authors substantiate the idea that strengthening and expanding the capabilities and needs of a unified Eurasian scientific and educational space should be considered as conditions for achieving effective cooperation in the field of science and education, allowing to restore professional communication of researchers from different Eurasian countries, update the content of higher education and contribute to bringing new scientific knowledge to the scientific community. The authors emphasize that a significant contribution to the development of the Eurasian integration process is made by the University under the IPA EurAsEC, which initiated a number of international projects contributing to the inclusion of new scientific knowledge and methods in the educational process within the framework of Eurasian economic integration. Conclusions. The article concludes about the values of higher education and about a need for integrating science and education as a basis for further development of Eurasian integration process. The authors draw the conclusion that today integration must be based on the historical experience of cooperation between Eurasian states in the field of science and education. Such interaction is considered to be the basis for further successful integration.

This article is the result of the description and understanding of ethno-cultural processes in Kyrgyzstan. The subjects of the ethnosphere present new facets of their activities in the context of modern processes in Eurasia. The purpose of the article is to interpret ethno-cultural processes as a resource of Eurasian integration. Ethnoculturalism contains a great integration potential. The authors describe integration processes on the example of ethno-cultural communities of Kyrgyzstan. They are members of a mass ethno–cultural organization - the Assembly of the People of Kyrgyzstan. There are analogues of such a mass organization in many countries and regions in the Eurasian space. The authors use the term "cohesion" to denote integration processes in Kyrgyzstan and in the Eurasian space. For the scientific study of the multidimensional activity of ethno-cultural public associations, the authors use the modeling method. The model of ethno-cultural actors of Eurasian integration has four aspects. The combinatorial aspect of the model is particularly relevant. This aspect studies the processes of cohesion and the boundaries of cultures in Eurasia. The article uses the scientific method of modeling, synchronous description and comparison techniques. The study revealed a tendency to spread the specifics of the functioning of ethno-cultural public associations in the Eurasian space. The authors distinguish the formal and meaningful isomorphism of the described subjects. The ethno-cultural resources of Eurasian integration are an example of public diplomacy. Public diplomacy is currently relevant. The results of the study give a new impetus to the activities of the Assembly of Peoples of Kyrgyzstan and other People's assemblies in Eurasia.

Based on the comparative method, the article analyzes the interaction of three subjective and objective realities, which occupy an important place in the contemporary Russian-Chinese relations. Virtual ideas about the scale of the Chinese presence in the Russian Far East are compared with the moods and wishes expressed by Russian authorities and population of this region regarding the involvement of China in the economic development of the region and, after that, are correlated with the realities of the economic and demographic life of the eastern regions of Russia in the second decade of the 21st century. In the first part of the article, the author identifies various sources, modern manifestations and interpretations of the “Chinese threat” phantom, analyzes the views and approaches of the Russian federal center, authorities and the population of Pacific Russia regarding the Chinese economic and demographic presence in the region. The conclusion is drawn about the generally positive attitude of both the authorities and the population regarding this phenomenon. At the same time, there are certain restrictions to close rapprochement with China which exist in the minds of the Russian authorities and the population and affect decisions and actions of local authorities and businesses, as well as a rather cool attitude of the Chinese authorities and big business towards introducing into the economy of this Russian region. The second part of the article is based on offi cial statistics and demonstrates the realities of Chinese participation in the economic life of Pacific Russia: these are the dynamics, scale and structure of interregional trade, the volume and nature of Chinese investment in the Russian Far East, as well as humanitarian exchange and the movement of labor across the border. These statistics convincingly show the very small scale of the Chinese economic presence and influence in the region. A comparative approach allows the author to conclude that there is a deep gap between expert forecasts and unconscious Russian fears about the expansion of «Chinese expansion» in Russia, the intentions of Russian and Chinese politicians to increase the contribution of China to the development of Pacific Russia, and the real extent of this participation.

The Role of the EU in Asian Security:Between Transatlantic Coordination and Strategic Autonomy Yong Deng (bio) keywords Europe, Asia, China, Transatlantic Coordination, United States [End Page 105] executive summary This article examines the struggles of the European Union and the principal European powers to define their security role in Asia and considers the implications for transatlantic cooperation. main argument Lack of coordination on Asian security has frequently surprised and frustrated policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic. In several high-stakes instances, such as the EU states' dual-use technology sales to China, participation in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and reactions to the international tribunal ruling on the South China Sea, the EU seemed to have acted against U.S. policy. The transatlantic alliance has been largely lost in the U.S. pivot and Indo-Pacific strategy. Despite historical dominance, Europe today has limited presence and capacity in the Asia-Pacific region. While the security threats from Asia are hardly existential for the EU or European powers, their economic interests in a connected Eurasia are fast-growing. The EU and its states have long preferred multilateralism and engagement over hard-power logic, which is evident in how they have traditionally dealt with China. But in light of the crisscrossing challenges posed by Asia's rise, Europe can no longer stay above the fray and must assert a role in an evolving Asia-Pacific. policy implications • Europe's role in Asia has come to a crossroads as it grapples with the new geopolitical and geoeconomic realities of Eurasian connectivity. The crux of the matter is to find the right balance between its traditional alliance with the U.S. and the new imperative for strategic autonomy on Asian issues. • As Europe occupies a pivotal position in the evolving Asian order, careful management of the transatlantic alliance is needed more than ever. Policymakers on both sides should be mindful of the limited European presence in Asia as well as approaches that are distinct from those of the U.S. • The EU and European leaders should think strategically about how to best leverage Europe's unique strengths and visions for an effective role that sustains a rules-based order while managing great-power politics in Asia. [End Page 106] The transatlantic alliance and cooperative relationship between Europe and the United States have together formed the key pillar of the liberal world order since the end of World War II. The rise of Asia over the last few decades, coupled with the global financial crisis in 2007–8, has allowed the region to challenge the preeminence of Europe and North America. Yet Asia's renaissance has also unsettled regional security dynamics and fundamentally destabilized the international status quo. As the center of global geopolitics has shifted east, the United States has pivoted and strategically rebalanced toward Asia. During the Obama administration, the United States called upon the European Union to join in a coordinated transatlantic response to Asian security. Indeed, Kurt Campbell, former U.S. assistant secretary of state, has declared that the U.S. pivot "is meant to be a pivot to Asia with Europe, not a pivot to Asia from Europe."1 However, even before the Trump administration, the EU had been called a security free rider, and the two sides of the Atlantic "on occasion hindered rather than enabled the other's policy objectives and impeded the realization of mutual strategic interests."2 Some of the inadequacies of the transatlantic alliance are evident in how the EU and European powers have handled the Obama administration's rebalance, China's economic and security globalization in the form of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the Trump administration's nebulous Indo-Pacific strategy. While there is no shortage of communication channels, insufficient institutionalization has beset transatlantic consultations on Asian security.3 By comparison, EU-China dialogue has significantly increased. According to a 2016 European Commission report, "the EU and China are engaged in almost one hundred dialogues and workshops in a typical year."4 This has caught the attention of the Trump administration. Now, U.S. embassies in many European capitals are staffed with China-focused personnel, and "roughly 150 U...

The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of coordinating of the Eurasian economic Union and the Chinese project "One belt and one road" for the development of the Far East. The attention is focused on the complementarity of the two integration projects and their overall geoeconomic strategy for long- term development. The coordination of the Eurasian economic Union and the Chinese project "One belt and one road" was signed in 2015 in Moscow between the political leaders of Russia and China. It is an ambitious project in the field of development and deepening of economic cooperation in the Eurasian space. The Chinese factor is inevitable for the economic development of the Far East due to the proximity of borders and mutual influence. The most significant results that the Far East can get from the coordination of the Eurasian economic Union and the Chinese project "One belt and one road" are investments and improved transport and logistics infrastructure. The possible risks of the coordination of the Eurasian economic Union and the Chinese project "One belt and one road" are a hypothetical threat of Chinese expansion and the introduction of Chinese "soft power" in the Far East. The threat of expansion can be traced in the Chinese political theory of legalism. But China's leader's political views are more in line with Confucius's political and philosophical legacy. The implementation of the "soft power" resource in China's foreign policy strategy is already noticeable in the Far East. The best response of Russia to possible threats and challenges from China should be the active and consistent protection of national interests in the Asia-Pacific region. Cooperation between Russia and China in the context of coordinating of the Eurasian economic Union and the Chinese project "One belt and one road" will bring significant benefits to the Far East and will become the main factor holding back from sliding to unfriendly competition between Russian and Chinese integration projects.

In order to avoid the risk of marginalization of low-level areas in the process of economic globalization, regional economies have also developed from this, which is important for the regional world economy in a smart environment. Observation and decision support have also attracted much attention from academia. Based on the important situation of regional world economic development, scholars have conducted a lot of research studies; this paper studies the development trend of the regionalized world economy in the intelligent environment under the network of interconnected objects and uses decision support technology and sensor networks to observe and design decision support for the regionalized world economy. Association rule mining technology is used to conduct data mining and data collection on the relevant data in the regionalized world economy, cluster analysis is used to sort and calculate the mined experimental data, and the experimental data model is extracted through the decision tree algorithm. This study collects various data on the number of trade agreements in 2015–2019, the expansion of free trade zones, the import and export trade rates of the EU, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region, and the currency circulation in each region of the world and also organize, observe, and analyze the regional world economy. The final results show that, from 2015 to 2019, free trade areas in various regions of the world are expanding every year. There are 12 free trade areas in Western Europe, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia. At the same time, North America, Asia-Pacific, and the EU pay more attention to intraregional trade, especially the annual trade rate of the EU of more than 50%. The regional world economy still has a trend of development in modern society and even in the next few decades, and the regional world economy has a certain role in promoting the economic development of various countries and regions. The regional world economy still has a development trend in modern society and even in the next few decades. It has a certain promoting effect on the economic development of various countries and regions. It is an inevitable trend of world economic development and the only way to economic globalization.

The purpose of this paper is to examine processes of Eurasian integration and the veritable ‘culture war’ between Russia and the West over it, while contributing to the theoretical paradigm of geopolitical economy. This paradigm invites us to consider the multiple manifestations of an emerging multipolar world order while scrutinising the extent to which previously popular approaches to the study of international political economy were themselves enmeshed in projects, the architects of which aspired to global hegemony. The paper employs critical historicism, an approach in which cultural difference is seen as the sedimentation of historically constituted material and ideational processes and which eschews cultural essentialism and orientalising tropes. It is through this lens that Russian state attempts at normalising Eurasian integration processes are examined. I demonstrate that Russian state organs and officials, as well as ‘political technologists’ attempt to de-politicise processes of Eurasian integration by appealing to both the logic of cultural/civilisational compatibility of affected parties, as well as the logic of economic integration. Such portrayals invite scrutiny; however, it is important that we also consider how Eurasian integration initiatives are the product of a post-Soviet struggle over Eurasian space but represent something more than mere neo-Soviet revisionism. The paper demonstrates its originality by situating ongoing processes of Eurasian integration within the longer post-Soviet conjuncture and amid processes of international contestation. Moreover, it situates Russian officials and political technologists as active contributors to international debates about the emerging multipolar world order.

Aim . Presentation of the results of the analysis of bibliometric data of Russian scientific journals, thematically covering Eurasian topics, which are available in the bibliographic database of the scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU.Tasks. Comparative analysis of the publication activity of journal authors. Analysis of the main thematic areas of research on economic, legal and political processes taking place in the Eurasian space. Identification of ways to solve strategic tasks of countering sanctions by “Western partners”. Methods. The calculations are based on the methods of scientometric analysis of bibliographic data to determine the volume of scientific publications in the field under study. Results . The data on the national share of scientific periodicals, their thematic structure and distribution depending on the status of the publication are presented (Russian Science Citation Index — RSCI, Higher Attestation Commission — HAC, international databases — MNBD). The trends of publication activity are revealed and the bibliometric data of the authors of scientific journals are analyzed.Conclusions . The conducted research is of interest to scientists in the field of regional studies, law, politics, world and national economy.

The article is devoted to the political and economic analysis of the role and place of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the development of the Eurasian space. Consolidation of interaction with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) form a new architecture in Eurasia, and the vector of the progressive development of the modern world economic order. The Union is viewed as a middle Eurasian space, within which the Great Eurasian Partnership and its mega-development projects are being formed. The consolidation of the efforts of the EAEU and the SCO fills the integration processes with new content, dividing the Eurasian space into two macro levels: the inner contour - the EAEU, determined by the countries located in the post-Soviet space; the outer contour is the SCO, formed by the leading economies of the world (China, Russia, India) and the most significant geopolitical countries with pronounced independent development segments. The mechanisms for the dynamic development of the EAEU are Free Trade Zones (FTZs), the full-fledged creation of which forms a kind of regional and interregional integration arcs of international economic partnership. At the same time, new formats of economic cooperation are developing, acquiring the status EAEU-plus and the EAEU-two plus as a soft civilizational model of Eurasian integration. Accordingly, various integration arcs of economic partnership can be formed: the EAEU-plus arc, represented by independent (third) countries endowed with the status of a “candidate state for joining the union” and an “observer state at the EAEU” (first level arc); arc of the EAEU-two plus, representing independent (third) countries, endowed with the status of a “state party to the agreement on the free trade zone of the EAEU”. Interpreting this norm, this group of subjects can also include international organizations (unions), which together represent the arc of the second level. The totality of various configurations of international relations form the basis for the conjugation of geopolitical and economic spaces of progressive states on different continents.

The article discusses the basic aspects of security processes of disintegration of states and integration processes in Europe and the Eurasian area. After the collapse of the Warsaw Pact, NATO gradually continued its march to the East, causing permanent crises and conflicts in many countries along the value line of division that is imposed and established between individual countries in the Eurasian space during the Ukrainian crisis. All the great powers of the modern world want to influence the process of Eurasian integration and realize their interests in that part of the world. In terms of human and natural resources, it is the central area of the world. Therefore, the integration processes, conflicts and wars, which take place in the Eurasian space, have a huge impact on global security. This conflict, in recent times, is representatively reflected through the civil war in Ukraine, which in its course and with the direct and indirect participation of the great powers will significantly define European security and outline key solutions for global security in the future. A multipolar world is certain, it is only a question of the cost and suffering of the people until it is accepted by the influential power centers in the West.

The paper discusses present-day developments in interregional integration within the Eurasian Economic Union. It studies the interregional and cross-border cooperation in the Eurasian Economic Union and attempts to determine the ways to increase the effectiveness of such cooperation in the Eurasian space. The present study includes a review of theories that define the critical concepts of interregional cooperation. It explores the fundamental models that characterize interregional and cross-border cooperation in Russia. Authors present the results of their sociological diagnostics that cover a questionnaire and interviews with experts in interregional cooperation, Eurasian integration, and international relations. The study shows that at present, Eurasian integration is reduced to economic cooperation and offers an overview of potential vectors for the development of interregional and cross-border cooperation in the Eurasian Economic Union. The first vector implies the promotion of cooperation between Eurasian nongovernmental organizations and universities to establish the mechanisms of interregional integration and to carry out joint social and research projects. The second vector covers the search for and application of the best practices of cooperation that already take place in the Eurasian Economic Union and developing a gold standard based on the available resources and conditions. The third vector includes the development of a unified trajectory of public diplomacy in the Eurasian Economic Union and the implementation of public diplomacy projects between Eurasian states.

In article the author analyzed the history of emergence and development of the Eurasian economic union, there are considered the problems of its functioning in the conditions of accession to the World Trade Organization. It should be noted that the Eurasian integration approached to important point in its history. At the beginning of the first year of functioning of the Union optimists and supporters of unconditional integration without any questions were prevailed. However, recently, many questions and problems have been accumulated. The most part of questions is connected with the results of the first year of functioning of Eurasian economic union, and also, how economic model of this union is equitable to national and economic interests of each country separately. Therefore the author having investigated integration processes within EEU, feature of competitive fight in EEU, the reason of contradictions, and also, consequences to which devaluation of ruble and tenge have led, the dumping prices in Russia which negatively influence the competitiveness of economies of Kazakhstan and Belarus, has tried to answer a question whether there is a prospect at the Eurasian economic union. Complex research of a present state and problems of functioning of EEU was carried out with an application of comparative and system analyses, the content analysis, event-analysis, SWOT analysis, etc. methods of the political science analysis. Article is written on the basis of reliable factual materials. Also more often researchers do not write the political aspect of the integration processes taking place in the Eurasian space. Though it is obvious, that exactly the political motivation is the most important argument for many supporters of economic integration.Key words: Eurasian economic union, Eurasian integration, political issue, competitiveness, economic security.

The task of the authors was to identify the role of country economic security in the Eurasian integration. To this end, the approaches to economic security in Europe, Russia and Asian countries are analyzed. The differences in the systems of national economic security and in the key approaches to its provision are primarily due to the historically established internal economic and geo-economic conditions. There is a fairly wide range of paradigms of national economic security, primarily the differences between the European approaches and the approach of Russia. Information on the state, principles and mechanisms of organization of national economic security systems in Asian countries is practically absent in Russian science. It was also necessary to analyze the typology of threats in order to clarify the prospects of integration of national economic security systems. The authors substantiate the position that ensuring national economic security is an important imperative of integration and development in the Eurasian space, competitiveness and economic sovereignty of countries. The article systematically organizes the facts about the types of organization of national economic security, explains the need for the countries of Eurasia active system of economic security as a response to the challenges of our time. The authors formulate the basic principles of Eurasian integration in the field of national security, involving both sovereignty and harmonization of national systems aimed at protecting economic interests.

Статья сфокусирована на анализе миграционных проблем развития региональной евразийской интеграции, оценке возможностей и противоречий миграционного взаимодействия Российской Федерации со странамиучастниками Евразийского интеграционного проекта. На данных официальной статистики и материалах Евразийской экономической комиссии в работе охарактеризованы миграционные процессы и их значение в формировании и развитии региональной евразийской интеграции. Показано, что международная миграция населения и трудовых ресурсов относится к числу важнейших аспектов развития евразийского интеграционного объединения, играет значительную роль в формировании его демографического потенциала. Миграционные процессы оказывают большое влияние на функционировании рынка труда, определяют устойчивость экономического и социального развития государств евразийской интеграционной группировки. В России в условиях демографического старения, значительной убыли населения в трудоспособных возрастах и дефицита трудовых ресурсов трудовая миграция в рамках ЕАЭС рассматривается как важнейший рычаг развития, значимый рычаг восполнения потерь трудового потенциала страны, существенный фактор, призванный решить проблему несбалансированности национального рынка труда. В работе раскрыта ситуация в миграционной сфере в рамках Евразийского союза, определены результаты и раскрыты последствия миграционного обмена России с государствами евразийской интеграции. Дана оценка российскому вектору международной трудовой миграции. Особый акцент сделан на рассмотрении путей решения практических задач развития многостороннего сотрудничества в формате ЕАЭС по вопросам регулирования трудовой миграции. The article is devoted to the actual problem associated with the analysis of trends and transformations in the development of migration interaction of the Russian Federation with the Eurasian Economic Union countries in the new geopolitical and socioeconomic realities. The work is aimed at identifying the main directions and disclosing the features of migration links of the Eurasian integration group countries. It is shown that labor migration and international labor exchange are a form of genuine socioeconomic interaction between the Eurasian countries. On the basis of materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission in the work described migration processes and their importance in the formation and development of regional Eurasian integration. Based on official statistics, the article identifies the results and consequences of the migration exchange between Russia and the states of the Eurasian integration association. On the basis of a comparative study of migration processes in the Eurasian space, an assessment has been made of the prevailing vector of international labor migration. It is shown that in the EAEU format, Russiaisthemainreceivingpartyoflabormigrants. Particularattentionisgiventosubstantiatingapproaches to improving the mechanisms for regulating migration processes in the Eurasian integration area, finding effective ways to solve practical problems of multilateral cooperation and closer coordination of the migration policy of the Eurasian integration association in the field of labor migration.

The article is devoted to the media vector of development of the Eurasian integration, the informa- tion space of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), since one of the tasks of the EEU is to provide the CIS countries with complete information about the goals and objectives of the Eurasian project, since for a generation that grew up in conditions of independence, this idea should be clarified. Given the fact that the foundation of the EEU was laid in the 20th century, there is currently no comprehensive picture of the development of the integration process in the informational aspect in the post-Soviet space and, in particular, in Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors will try to fill this gap. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current stage of development of Eurasian integration in the media context. The research methods are: historical, complex analysis, theory and concept of the development of integration in the Eurasian space. The scientific significance of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the development of the concept of “Eurasia”, Eurasian integration in historical and modern aspects is covered through the prism of the media context, the development of the information space in Kazakhstan, on the example of mass communication materials and research centers of Eurasia in the CIS countries. The creation and develop- ment of Eurasian centers, projects, media sites, portals, mass media, conferences, round tables, active cooperation, mutual exchange of experience, knowledge, ideas – all this contributes to strengthening integration in Eurasia. The results and conclusions of the article will be of practical importance in the further study of the Eurasian processes, better coverage of integration issues in the region. Key words: media, Eurasian integration, Eurasian centers, Eurasian Economic Union.