Abstract
In this paper, a new variant of the electric vehicle (EV) routing problem, which considers heterogeneous EVs, partial recharge, and vehicle recycling, is investigated based on logistic companies' practical operation. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to formulate the problem. For small-scale scenarios, commercial solver, e.g., CPLEX, is leveraged. For large-scale instances faced by practical applications, a hybrid metaheuristic is designed through integrating a modified Greedy Algorithm with the Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS). The proposed algorithm was tested by real-world instances from JD, an e-commerce enterprise in China. Computational results indicate that partial recharge and vehicle recycling can save costs effectively. It also shows that the number of charging stations is an important factor for the application of EVs.
Highlights
Greenhouse gas emissions have spurred a major concern as the past 9 years witnessed the intense growth of daily CO2 of roughly 5.15% from 388.72 parts per million in 2010 to 408.58 parts per million in 2019 [1
The gap between each solution, considering the definition proposed by Hiermann et al in [21], is calculated by gap VNSsolution In Table 5, we present the results of MCW, modified Greedy Algorithm (MGA), and Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS), respectively
This study introduces the heterogeneous electric vehicle routing problem with time windows, partial recharge, and vehicle recycling
Summary
Greenhouse gas (mainly CO2) emissions have spurred a major concern as the past 9 years witnessed the intense growth of daily CO2 of roughly 5.15% from 388.72 parts per million in 2010 to 408.58 parts per million in 2019 [1. Most of the previous works do not consider the vehicle recycling and ignore the volume limit, a practical constraint tantamount to the weight constraint. In the practical operation of logistic companies, e.g., JD logistics, both the weight and volume of the goods have to be considered, and the EVs are allowed to return to the warehouse and restart again after a short period of time. Complex & Intelligent Systems (2021) 7:1445–1458 which comprehensively considers mixed fleet, time windows, and vehicle capacities (weight and volume), partial recharge (PR), and vehicle recycling (VR). These constraints are faced by many logistic companies employing EV, complicating the problem devastatingly. The section “Conclusions and future works” concludes the paper and presents a discussion on future research directions
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