Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a known risk factor for End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Renal Doppler Ultrasound (RDU) can detect early renal involvement in CKD using the Renal Resistive Index (RRI). This study aimed to investigate the effects of risk factors and clinical complications associated with CKD on RRI among patients with different stages of CKD. In this analytical cross-sectional study, 186 patients referred to Poursina Hospital for RDU were categorized into six groups (normal and five stages of CKD). We analyzed the impact of demographic factors and clinical complications on RRI across all groups. Our findings indicated that CKD prevalence was particularly high among older patients and those with CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HTN). Elevated RRI in CKD patients was significantly associated with age, CKD stage, CVD, and HTN (p < 0.05). Furthermore, RRI was higher in CKD patients with elevated serum phosphorus (P) levels, higher low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and lower calcium (Ca) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Based on a multivariate regression model, CVD, lower Ca, high LDL, and proteinuria were identified as independent predictors of elevated RRI (p < 0.05). This study concludes that elevated RRI is associated with the severity of CKD and its clinical complications, suggesting that RRI can serve as a reliable indicator for assessing CKD patients, managing treatment, and preventing early death complications.
Published Version
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