The Development of a Measuring Instrument for Substance Abuse Media Literacy Scale in Students

This study describes translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Attitude Towards Menopause (ATM) scale in Persian. A standard process was followed for translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ATM scale into Persian. The content validity index and content validity ratio were used to measure content validity. The construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The average variance extracted and construct reliability were used to indicate convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Persian ATM scale were assessed using Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A revised version of the ATM scale, including 26 items assigned to seven factors, was obtained in exploratory factor analysis. The factors were interpreted as negative affect, postmenopausal recovery, control of symptoms, sexuality, psychological losses, unpleasant confrontation, and menstrual freedom, explaining 66.18% of the total variance. The factor structure of the scale was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis (Comparative Fit Index = 0.90, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.88, Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.90, Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index = 0.86, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.07, χ2 / df = 4.56). The values of Cronbach α coefficient and ICC indicated an acceptable level of reliability ( α = 0.70, ICC = 0.89). The construct reliability for all factors was more than or equal to 0.7 except for psychological losses, indicating good discriminating validity. The values of average variances extracted for subscales varied from 0.48 to 0.99, representing adequate convergent validity. The Persian version of the ATM scale is a reliable and valid tool to evaluate the attitudes of Iranian women toward menopause.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Persian version of the overactive bladder questionnaire (OAB-V8)

Objectives: Social isolation of older adults is one of the major global concerns associated with widespread negative outcomes. The present study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scales in Iranian older adults. Methods & Materials: The translation/back-translation process was performed based on the standard protocol of world health organization. Face and content validities were assessed based on the opinions of a panel of experts. The content validity of the scales was evaluated by calculating the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest method, and factor analyses, respectively. Factorial structure of the scales was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling in a sample of 390 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 60 years residing in Tabriz, Iran. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS version 24. Results: For the social disconnectedness scale, CVR‌=‌0.98 and CVI‌=‌0.91; for the perceived isolation scale, CVR‌=‌0.91 and CVI‌=‌0.96. The EFA with the varimax rotation identified new factors in both scales. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.64 for the social disconnectedness scale and 0.76 for the perceived isolation scale showed that their internal consistency was acceptable. The number of factors in the social disconnectedness scale changed from two to three factors, and the number of factors in the perceived isolation scale changed from two to four factors in the Persian versions. The CFA and SEM confirmed the three-factor solution of the Persian version of the social disconnectedness scale (RMSEA=0.050, GFI=0.951, CFI=0.950, and TLI=0.955) and the four-factor solution of the Persian version of perceived isolation scale (RMSEA=0.045, GFI=0.955, CFI=0.955, and TLI=0.950). Conclusion: Although the structures are different from those of the main versions, the Persian versions of the social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scales have acceptable reliability and validity to be used in Iranian older adults.

BackgroundPerceived care quality and patient satisfaction have been important care quality indicators in recent decades, and healthcare professionals have been influential on women’s childbirth experience. This study investigated the measurement properties of the Persian version of the Pregnancy and Childbirth Questionnaire (PCQ), designed to measure mothers’ satisfaction with the quality of healthcare services provided during pregnancy and childbirth.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional methodological study. Instrument translation, face validity, content validity, structural validity, and reliability evaluation were performed to determine the measurement properties of the PCQ’s Persian version. A backward-forward approach was employed for the translation process. Impact scores were selected based on the items’ importance to measure face validity. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated to measure content validity, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to measure structural validity. The cluster random sampling method was used, resulting in a sample of 250 eligible women referred to the health centers of Tabriz, Iran, who were 4 to 6 weeks after giving birth. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) using a test-retest approach were used to determine the questionnaire’s reliability.ResultsThe impact scores of all items were above 1.5, which indicates a suitable face validity. The content validity was also favorable (CVR = 0.95, CVI = 0.90). Exploratory factor analysis on 25 items led to the removal of item 2 due to a factor loading of less than 0.3 and the extraction of three factors explaining 65.07% of the variances. The results of the sample adequacy size were significant (< 0.001, and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.886). The model’s validity was confirmed based on the confirmatory factor analysis fit indicators (i.e., RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.09, TLI = 0.91, CFI = 0.93, x2/df = 4.65). The tool’s reliability was also confirmed (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88, and ICC (95% CI) = 0.93 (0.88 to 0.95)).ConclusionThe validity and reliability of the PCQ’s Persian version were suitable to measure the extent to which Iranian women are satisfied with the quality of prenatal and intrapartum care.

Background: As a prevalent phenomenon in the world, it’s required to view substance abuse as one of the most prominent social problems. Substance abuse, especially by the youth, imposes huge costs on society. The relevant misconceptions include immature mindsets held by individuals who conflict with the currently accepted concepts and empirical findings. Unfortunately, the common misconceptions about this phenomenon are so abundant that the majority of individuals, even the educated ones, are unfamiliar with its meaning and concept as a phenomenon. Thus, a valid and reliable tool is required to examine the common types of such misconceptions. Objectives: This study pursued the goal of designing an inventory of the common types of misconceptions among university students about substance abuse. Methods: Using a two-stage approach, the present research study was conducted in 2019 in Iran. The first stage involved conducting individual interviews with 10 students who were substance abusers, as well as reviewing the relevant literature to generate the study items. The second stage consisted of a quantitative evaluation of the instrument, which included assessing the face validity (both qualitatively and quantitatively), content validity (both qualitatively and quantitatively, as calculated by content validity index (CVI), and content validity ratio (CVR)). The construct validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with two 375 samples for each of them and its reliability. Results: From the first phase and literature review, 71 items were codified. Five items were removed from surveying the qualitative and quantitative face validity; besides, due to a CVR of less than 0.49, 24 items were excluded, and also because of the CVI, less than 0.78, 12 items were deleted. Overall, a 30-item scale remained. Via the exploratory factor analysis, three factors, including 16 items and 40.86% of the total variance, were extracted. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were greater than 0.7 for all factors and 0.8, respectively. Conclusions: The designed inventory revealed desirable psychometric properties and the necessary validity to investigate and evaluate the common types of misconceptions regarding substance abuse among the students of medical sciences.

Objectives: This study aims to develop and create a tool based on factor analysis to assess safety culture in the processing industry. Methods: This study was conducted in the petrochemical industry in 2021. The questionnaires were distributed among 312 employees, supervisors, and managers, and 308 of them were completed. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by content and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and its reliability was determined by calculating the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s α) and conducting a pilot study. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the relationship between the dimensions of safety culture and the dimensions themselves. Results: The results showed that 62.4% of participants were under 45 years old and 71.2% of them had more than 10 years of work experience. The obtained content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that six questions were assigned to each dimension of safety culture in the questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a P of 0.001 and the overall goodness index of root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.07 and the goodness indices of adaptive fit, including good fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and normal fit index (NFI) were 0.95, 0.97, and 0.95, respectively. Discussion: Based on the results, a safety culture assessment instrument was developed, including 10 dimensions and 60 items. The results of factor analysis showed that the built-in instrument is highly useful to assess safety culture. In addition, these results showed that safety culture has the strongest relationship with the priority of focusing on health, safety, and environment (HSE) and the weakest relationship with the dimension of collaboration and involvement.

BackgroundOne effective model for studying cigarette smoking cessation is the transtheoretical model (TTM). In order to assess to what degree interventions can make variations in individuals’ behavior, several questionnaires have been developed based on the TTM. This study aims to describe the development of the Persian version of the Decisional Balance Inventory (DBI) for smoking cessation in Iran and to evaluate its psychometric properties.Design and methodsThe forward-backward technique was used to translate the DBI from English into Persian. After linguistic validation and a pilot test among 30 male smoking young adults, a cross-sectional study was performed, and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the DBI were assessed. Using a convenience sampling method, 120 male smokers between 16 and 24 years of age were recruited from three factories in Nowshahr, Iran. In order to assess the reliability of the DBI, internal consistency and test–retest methods were performed. Additionally, face and content validity were assessed, and the construct validity of the DBI was calculated by performing both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS.ResultsThe mean age of the sample (n = 120) was 20.19 (SD = 2.13) years. The mean scores for the content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR) were .94 and .89, respectively. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed a three-factor solution for the DBI that accounted for 55.4% of observed variance. The results achieved from the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) displayed that the data fit the model: the relative chi-square (×2/df) = 1.733 (p < .001) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .07 (90% CI = .05–.105). All comparative indices of the model including GFI, AGFI, CFI, NNFI, and NFI were more than .80 (.87, .83, .91, .89, and .81, respectively). The Cronbach’s alpha ranged from .78 to .83, indicating an acceptable reliability. Furthermore, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from .72 to .89, confirming a satisfactory result.ConclusionsThe results from the present study indicate that the Persian version of the DBI has good psychometric properties and is suitable to measure smoking behaviors among Iranian adolescent and young adult smokers. Consequently, the instrument could be used in planning cigarette smoking cessation interventions among Iranian adolescents and young adults.

BackgroundChildbirth preparation classes can reduce pregnant women’s anxiety and fear for their childbirth. However, to evaluate women’s feedback and their satisfaction with these classes, there is a need for a standard instrument that is suitable for Iranian context. This study is aimed to translate and conduct a psychometric analysis of the Satisfaction with the Childbirth Education Class Questionnaire (SCECQ) for Iranian population.MethodsThe questionnaire was translated from English into Persian through the forward-backward translation method. The cluster sampling method was employed to select 205 pregnant women with gestational age of 35–37 weeks from all health complexes of Tabriz, Iran. The face, content, and construct validity of the research instrument were assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were measured to evaluate the overall reliability of the questionnaire.ResultsThe impact scores of all items were above 1.5. The content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) of the questionnaire were 0.88 and 0.94, respectively. The convergent construct validity of the whole questionnaire and those of its three subscales were confirmed through the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The factor loadings of no items were below 0.3, and the X2/df ratio was smaller than 5. The overall model validity was confirmed by having the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) smaller than 0.08. Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were 0.93 and 0.96, respectively, indicating the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire.ConclusionThe Persian version of this questionnaire, entitled SCECQ is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring Iranian women’s satisfaction with childbirth education classes.

Background: Stigma presents significant barriers to mental health treatment, influencing treatment decisions and recovery outcomes. Standardized rating scales play a crucial role in assessing Self-stigma, which is essential for intervention efforts aimed at improving mental health outcomes globally. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the internal consistency, face validity, content validity, and factor structure of the Persian version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale in a group of people with mental health disorders referred to the outpatient clinics of Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital and several private clinics in Tehran, Iran. Methods: First, a bilingual psychiatrist translated the scale into Persian. Content and face validity were then evaluated by six psychiatrists. A pilot test was conducted with ten patients to assess comprehensibility. A back translation into English was performed by a non-professional, and the result was compared to the original version by a bilingual psychiatrist. The final Persian version of the questionnaire was administered to 347 patients with various mental health disorders, recruited from Roozbeh Hospital, a referral psychiatry hospital, and several private clinics in Tehran. Demographic characteristics were collected via questionnaires, and the type of disorder was determined based on the specialist's evaluation. This process was conducted from October 2023 to May 2024. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated, and internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald's Omega tests. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to explore and understand the data structure. Results: The Persian version demonstrated reasonable comprehensibility and translation equivalence, ensuring both semantic and content equivalence. The SSOSH achieved a CVI &gt; 0.8 and CVR &gt; 0.96. All items obtained an acceptable score (greater than 1.5) for face validity. The internal consistency of the total score was good (α = 0.733, ω = 0.818). The EFA revealed that the Persian version had three factors accounting for 57% of the total variance, and the CFA suggested this model fits the data reasonably well, though there is room for improvement. Conclusions: The Persian SSOSH scale exhibits good internal consistency and acceptable face and content validity for use in Persian-speaking patients with mental health disorders. While the three-factor structure identified by the EFA requires further investigation, the application of this tool among other Iranians warrants additional evaluation.

Background Occupational exposure to pesticides in rice cultivation poses health risks, exacerbated by factors contributing to the improper use of pesticides. One significant factor is the limited literacy skills of farmers, hindering their ability to read and comprehend pesticide labels. Research in this area is limited by the lack of an acceptable method for measuring pesticide labeling literacy. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess pesticide labeling literacy in Thai rice farmers. Method The scale development involved identifying components and dimensions of pesticide labeling, formulating question items, and designing the scale based on literature reviews and expert interviews. The content validity of items was evaluated by experts using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). After the pilot test, the difficulty, discrimination index, reliability and construct validity of the scale were examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was evaluated on 400 rice farmers. Results The pesticide labeling literacy scale was structured into five components: Access, Understanding, Awareness, Analysis, and Application. The CVI and CVR results fell within the acceptable range, confirming content validity. After refining the questionnaire based on the pilot test, a 40-item scale was derived, with items exhibiting suitable difficulty indices (0.28–0.76) and discrimination indices (0.20–0.70). The overall pesticide labeling literacy scale demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.896 The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated that the scale was suitable for factor analysis. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated that the model aligned well with the empirical data and exhibited acceptable fit indices for the proposed model. The final version of the scale comprised 35 questionnaire items. Conclusion The 35-item questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing pesticide labeling literacy among Thai rice farmers. It encompassed five components: Access, Understanding, Awareness, Analysis, and Application This innovative scale has the potential to serve as an effective tool for evaluating the level of pesticide labeling literacy among Thai rice farmers.

Introduction: Acceptance of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) rules plays a crucial role in determining the performance of employees in HSE-related areas at the workplace. This study aimed to design a questionnaire to investigate influential factors on acceptance of HSE rules among employees. Material and Methods: The face validity of the survey was assessed by ten individuals from the target population, while content validity was evaluated by ten HSE experts using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The impact scores were calculated for the quantitative assessment of face validity, and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) values were used to assess content validity. Construct validity was determined through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) involving 506 participants. The reliability of the survey was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: All items in the survey showed satisfactory levels of impact score (&gt;1.5), CVR (&gt;0.69), and CVI (&gt;0.79). The mean values for the Impact score, CVI, CVR, and S-CVI-UA were 4.26, 0.963, 0.944, and 0.62, respectively. The survey and its dimensions demonstrated strong reliability, as indicated by Cronbach’s alpha and ICC values exceeding 0.70. Additionally, EFA successfully identified the structure of the questionnaire, and CFA confirmed its goodness of fit. Conclusion: The Persian version of the questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. This instrument can be effectively used to assess the factors that influence the acceptance of HSE rules among employees in various workplace settings.

Background:This study was conducted with the aim to identify their reproductive health needs, and design the sexual and reproductive health needs questionnaire for Temporary Marriage (TM) wives and assess its psychometric properties.Materials and Methods:This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs Questionnaire for Iranian TM wives in Persian. The initial items of the questionnaire were extracted based on a qualitative study. Then the face, content, and construct validity, and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed in a cross-sectional study. To evaluate the content construct validity, and reliability of the questionnaire, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA ), Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficient were used, respectively.Results:The initial instrument contained 44 items and was prepared based on the results. CVI and CVR for all items were, respectively, higher than 0.79 and 64%, except one item that was eliminated. In face and content validity assessment was provided the instrument with 43 items. To evaluate construct validity, EFA was performed and eight hidden factors were extracted, which explained 64.895% of the total variance of the variables. Furthermore, to examine model fitness in CFA, goodness-of-fit indices were used in SmartPLS software. The results showed a good model fit. The convergent and divergent validity, and the reliability of the scale ranged from strong to excellent s above 0.7).Conclusion:The results showed that the Sexual and Reproductive Health Instrument with 43 items for Iranian temporary marriage wives was a valid and reliable measure.

Background: Concept maps serve as an effective visual and organizational tool that aligns well with the interactive and engaging nature of game-based learning. This study aims to evaluate the validity, reliability, and exploratory factor analysis of a tool for assessing student perception of the concept map approach as a teaching method. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was carried out in three phases: validity assessment, reliability assessment, and factor analysis of the tool. The questionnaire, adapted from Chiou et al., consisted of 10 items on a 5-point Likert scale. The content and face validity of the Persian version were assessed using the Delphi technique with 15 medical education experts over three rounds. Moreover, quantitative content validity was determined using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)). Exploratory factor analysis was performed using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index, Bartlett’s test, principal component analysis, and Varimax rotation. Finally, data were analyzed using IBM SPSS24. Results: The results confirmed the face and content validity, with all items scoring above 0.94 for CVR and above 0.79 for CVI. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86) and reproducibility (ICC = 0.83) indicated desirable reliability. Exploratory factor analysis also revealed two domains: "facilitating learning" and "encouraging learning," with significant factor loadings for all items. Conclusion: The study confirmed the validity and reliability of the tool for measuring students' attitudes toward the concept map approach in Iran. Given the importance of assessing student reactions to innovative teaching methods, this instrument is recommended for evaluating attitudes toward concept map-based teaching.

At present, there are no comprehensive validated instruments for measuring adolescents' beliefs regarding tobacco smoking in the Iranian society. This study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability and feasibility of the belief-based tobacco smoking scale using the Theory of Planned Behavior's (TPB) constructs as a theoretical framework. This cross-sectional validation study was carried out on 410 male adolescents of Hamadan, west of Iran, recruited through multi-stage random sampling method. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) were performed to test construct validity. Content validity was examined using Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). RESULTS obtained from factor analysis showed that the data was fit to the model (X(2)=391.43, P<0.001) and TPB consisted of 22 items measuring seven components which explaining 69.7% of the common variance. The mean scores for the CVI and CVR were 0.89 and 0.80; respectively. Additional anal-yses indicated acceptable results for internal consistency reliability values ranging from 0.55 to 0.92. The belief-based tobacco smoking questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument and now is acceptable and suitable and can be used in future studies.

This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Computer Ergonomics Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire (CEKAQ), designed to evaluate ergonomic knowledge among frequent computer users. The original English questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted following standardized guidelines. Content validity was evaluated through expert review using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI); 12 items with low CVR were removed, and the remaining 23 items achieved a CVI of 0.99. Reliability was assessed via test-retest with 20 users, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Construct validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on responses from 328 university students. The ICC was 0.813 (p < 0.001), indicating acceptable test-retest reliability. Factor analysis led to the removal of four items with low factor loadings (< 0.3), resulting in a final 19-item version that explained 28.4% of the total variance. CFA confirmed this unidimensional structure with robust fit indices (e.g., CFI = 0.931, RMSEA = 0.039). Internal consistency was acceptable (KR-20 = 0.759). The 19-item Persian CEKAQ demonstrated good content validity, acceptable reliability, and confirmed construct validity. It is a suitable tool for assessing ergonomic knowledge among computer users. Further refinement is recommended by expanding item content and diversifying the study population to enhance construct coverage.