The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fruit juices: a global systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to estimate the containation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fruit juice, e.g. apple, grape, mango, orange, peach, and pineapple. The related studies regarding the concentration of PTEs in fruit juice which have been published in recommended databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus from 7 January 1969 to 20 February 2020 were analysed. Also, the health risk assessment for consumers due to PTEs ingestion via consuming various fruit juices was evaluated using target hazard quotient (THQ). Among 701 retrieved citations in the identification step, 44 articles were included in this conducted meta-analysis. In this context, the overall rank order of PTEs mean concentrations in the fruit juices were as follows: iron (Fe) >zinc (Zn)> copper (Cu)> lead (Pb) >nickel (Ni)> cadmium (Cd)> in apple and orange, Cu> Zn> Pb in grape, Fe> Zn>Cu>Ni>Cd>Pb in mango, Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni >Pb>Cd in peach and Cu>Zn>Cd>Ni>As in pineapple. Our results showed that the highest concentration of Pb and Cd were 0.075 and 0.204 mg/kg in orange and pineapple, respectively. The concentration of As in apple and orange juices was similar (0.003 mg/kg). Regarding Ni, Cu, Zn and Fe, the highest concentrations were 0.188, 0.508, 0.562 and 16.712 mg/kg in peach, mango and pineapple, respectively. The assessment of non-carcinogenic risk indicated that risk pattern was different in various countries. In addition, fruit juice consumers did not have a significant risk because of the ingestion of PTEs.