Abstract
Nowadays, the integration of renewable energy sources, especially grid-connected photovoltaic, into electrical power systems, is increasing dramatically. There are several stimulants especially in the Java-Bali power system, including huge solar potential, a national renewable energy (RE) target, regulation support for prosumers, photovoltaic technology development, and multi-year power system planning. However, significant annual photovoltaic penetration can lead to critical issues, including a drop of netload during the day, ramping capability, and minimal load operation for thermal power plants. This study analyses the duck curve phenomenon in the Java-Bali power system that considers high shares of the baseload power plant and specific scenarios in photovoltaic (PV) penetration and electricity demand growth. This study also analyses future netload, need for fast ramping rate capability, and oversupply issues in the Java-Bali power system. The results showed that the duck curve phenomenon appears with a significant netload drop in the middle of the day because of high power generation from grid-connected PV. Furthermore, the need for fast ramp rate capability is critical for a higher peak load combined with the lowest netload valley. Moreover, the significant load growth with high grid-connected PV penetration level caused unit commitment issues for thermal power plants as baseload operators.
Highlights
Energy plays a critical role in the global economy
For the future operational system, this study provides some insights for the Indonesian national electrical company to consider the flexibility power options and calculate the penetration level, especially from grid-connected
This study presents a multi-year netload analysis of high grid-connected PV penetration levels into one of the largest power systems in Indonesia
Summary
Energy plays a critical role in the global economy. While conventional energy from fossil fuels is increasingly limited, primarily to address climate change and other environmental issues, the use of renewable energy is widely encouraged for the same reasons. In the electrical power field, Renewable Energy Sources (RES), such as geothermal, biomass, hydro, tidal, wind, and solar, generate electricity. One popular type of RES with the highest global potential is solar energy from the sun [1,2]. The major stimulant regarding solar energy is that of reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG). Conversion technologies can be grouped into two categories: Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology and solar thermal technology. Solar PV technology uses semiconductors to directly
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