The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Timo Kivimaki, ‘The Long Peace of ASEAN’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2001), pp. 5–25. 2. Amitav Acharya, ‘ASEAN at 40: Mid-Life Rejuvenation?’, Foreign Affairs, 15 August 2007. 3. ASEAN, Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II), 7 October 2003, available at www.aseansec.org/15160.htm (last accessed 4 January 2008). 4. ASEAN, Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 20 November 2007, available at www.aseansec.org/21069.pdf (last accessed 21 November 2007). 5. Ibid. See Article 2. 6. Khong Yuen Foong & Helen E.S. Nesadurai, ‘Hanging Together, Institutional Design and Cooperation in Southeast Asia: AFTA and the ARF’, in Amitav Acharya & Alistair Iain Johnstone (eds), Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Global Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 41. 7. ASEAN, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, 24 February 1976. 8. Amitav Acharya, ‘Ideas, Identity and Institution-Building: From the “ASEAN Way” to the “Asia–Pacific Way?”’, The Pacific Review, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1997), pp. 319–46. 9. For details of these different views, see Mely Caballero-Anthony, Regional Security in Southeast Asia: Beyond the ASEAN Way (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Press, 2005). 10. Khong & Nesadurai, ‘Hanging Together’, p. 35. 11. Further details are found in Helen E.S. Nesadurai, ‘Southeast Asia's New Institutional Architecture for Cooperation in Trade and Finance’, in Vinod K. Aggarwal & Min Gyo Koo (eds), Asia's New Institutional Architecture: Evolving Structures for Managing Trade, Financial and Security Relations (Springer Verlag, 2007), pp. 151–80. 12. Ibid., p. 35. 13. Reuters, ‘ASEAN debate on democracy, human rights hots up’, 26 July 1998. 14. Lorraine Elliot, ‘ASEAN and Environmental Cooperation: Norms, Interests and Identity’, The Pacific Review, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2003), pp. 29–52. 15. During the time of these debates, only the Philippines and Thailand were democracies. Malaysia and Singapore were better described as semi-democracies, while the remaining member states displayed strong authoritarian features. In 2007, only the Philippines and Indonesia could be described as democracies. The 2006 military coup in Thailand undermined Thai democracy. 16. For a detailed analysis of AFTA, see Helen E.S. Nesadurai, Globalisation, Domestic Politics and Regionalism: The ASEAN Free Trade Area (Routledge, 2003). 17. Garry Rodan, ‘Reconstructing Divisions of Labour: Singapore's New Regional Emphasis’, in Richard Higgott, Richard Leaver & John Ravenhill (eds), Pacific Economic Relations in the 1990s: Cooperation or Conflict? (Lynne Reinner, 1993), pp. 223–49. 18. Gordon P. Means, ‘ASEAN Policy Responses to North American and European Trading Agreements’, in Amitav Acharya & Richard Stubbs (eds), New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues (University of British Columbia Press, 1995), pp. 146–81. 19. Nesadurai, Globalization, Domestic Politics and Regionalism, pp. 82–87. 20. Ibid., pp. 128–50. 21. Ibid., pp. 154–58. 22. Nesadurai, ‘Southeast Asia's New Institutional Architecture’, p. 165. 23. Ibid . 24. Ramkishen Rajan, ‘Taking Stock of ASEAN Economic Integration’, Business Times (Singapore), 6 August 2004. 25. Myrna Austria, The Pattern of Intra-ASEAN Trade in Priority Goods Sectors, Final Main Report submitted to the ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Programme, 2004, available at http://www.aadcp-repsf.org/docs/03-006e-FinalReport.pdf (last accessed 25 November 2005). 26. US–ASEAN Business Council, US–ASEAN Relationship: Building on a Framework of Success, (US–ASEAN Business Council, 2004), available at www.us-asean.org (last accessed January 2006). See also ‘Brunei: regional leaders laud ASEAN's BAC efforts’, Borneo Bulletin, 13 October 2003. 27. ASEAN, Declaration of ASEAN Concord II. 28. For details, see ASEAN, ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, 20 November 2007, available at www.aseansec.org (last accessed 21 November 2007). 29. For details, see Hidetaka Yoshimatsu, ‘Collective Action Problems and Regional Integration in ASEAN’, CSGR Working Paper No. 198/06, Centre for the Study of Globalization and Regionalization, 2006. 30. The concept of ‘developmental regionalism’ and its application to ASEAN is discussed in Nesadurai, Globalization, Domestic Politics and Regionalism, pp. 24–49 and 172–9. 31. ‘Business integration faces challenge of time’, Straits Times, 24 November 2007. 32. ASEAN Trade Union Council, ASEAN Social Charter, Malaysia (undated), available at www.ASEAN-SocialCharter.net (last accessed August 2007). 33. ‘Too soon to pre-judge outcome of ASEAN Human Rights Commission’, ChannelnewsAsia, 27 August 2007. 34. Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, ‘Choice that will strengthen ASEAN’, New Sunday Times, 6 January 2008. 35. ‘Unrest in Myanmar affects ASEAN, says Foreign Minister’, The Star (Malaysia), 26 September 2007. 36. Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, quoted in ‘ASEAN kowtows to Rangoon’, Bangkok Post, 20 November 2007. 37. Sarah Eaton & Richard Stubbs, ‘Is ASEAN Powerful? Neo-realist versus Constructivist Approaches to Power in Southeast Asia’, The Pacific Review, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2006), pp. 135–55. 38. Acharya, ‘ASEAN at 40’. 39. Eaton & Stubbs, ‘Is ASEAN Powerful?’, p. 141. 40. Realists and institutionalists tend to dismiss the ARF for being a mere ‘talk-shop’ that has not managed to move beyond the initial confidence-building phase of regional cooperative security. See ibid. 41. Khong and Nesadurai, ‘Hanging Together’, p. 73. 42. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Explanatory Memorandum for the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, FCO Command Paper Number 7196, UK, available at www.fco.gov.uk (last accessed 4 January 2008). 43. ‘Surin's vision: a people-oriented grouping’, Straits Times, 24 November 2007. 44. See the website of the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security, http://ochaonline.un.org/ABHSandOutreach/tabid/2128/Default.aspx (last accessed 4 January 2008). 45. The other leader was Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim. 46. This phrase is adapted from Werner Hamacher, ‘The Right to Have Rights’, The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 103, No. 2/3 (2004), pp. 343–56. Additional informationNotes on contributorsHelen E. S. NesaduraiHelen Nesadurai, School of Arts and Sciences, Monash University, Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor, Malaysia.