Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH), encoded by multigene family in plants, play a critical role in plant growth, development, adaptation, fruit ripening and aroma production. Thirteen ADH genes were identified in melon genome, including 12 ADHs and one formaldehyde dehydrogenease (FDH), designated CmADH1-12 and CmFDH1, in which CmADH1 and CmADH2 have been isolated in Cantaloupe. ADH genes shared a lower identity with each other at the protein level and had different intron-exon structure at nucleotide level. No typical signal peptides were found in all CmADHs, and CmADH proteins might locate in the cytoplasm. The phylogenetic tree revealed that 13 ADH genes were divided into three groups respectively, namely long-, medium-, and short-chain ADH subfamily, and CmADH1,3-11, which belongs to the medium-chain ADH subfamily, fell into six medium-chain ADH subgroups. CmADH12 may belong to the long-chain ADH subfamily, while CmFDH1 may be a Class III ADH and serve as an ancestral ADH in melon. Expression profiling revealed that CmADH1, CmADH2, CmADH10 and CmFDH1 were moderately or strongly expressed in different vegetative tissues and fruit at medium and late developmental stages, while CmADH8 and CmADH12 were highly expressed in fruit after 20 days. CmADH3 showed preferential expression in young tissues. CmADH4 only had slight expression in root. Promoter analysis revealed several motifs of CmADH genes involved in the gene expression modulated by various hormones, and the response pattern of CmADH genes to ABA, IAA and ethylene were different. These CmADHs were divided into ethylene-sensitive and –insensitive groups, and the functions of CmADHs were discussed.
Highlights
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) belong to dehydrogenase enzymes superfamily, and are widely distributed in all types of organisms (Chase, 1999; Jönvall et al, 2010; Strommer, 2011; Alka et al, 2013)
By ExPASy tools, we found that the longest ADHs protein consisted of 635 amino acid residues, and the shortest consisted of 266 amino acid residues
For the other 11 unreported genes, we gave them names by adding a number to their family name in the order which they were searched, in which one ADH was named as CmFDH1 on account of the presence of same functional domains with reported formaldehyde dehydrogenease (FDH) genes in other species (Dolferus et al, 1997)
Summary
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) belong to dehydrogenase enzymes superfamily, and are widely distributed in all types of organisms (Chase, 1999; Jönvall et al, 2010; Strommer, 2011; Alka et al, 2013). Animals, yeast and bacterias, ADHs have been widely investigated (Khan et al, 2010; Kumar et al, 2012; Alka et al, 2013; Çelik and Aktas, 2013; Jönvall et al, 2013; Plapp et al, 2013; Quaglia et al, 2013), and ADH genes were involved in an astonishingly wide range of metabolic processes (Höög et al, 2003; Thompson et al, 2007; Strommer, 2011) These ADH genes were classed into several main superfamilies respectively, namly medium- (∼350 amino acid residues), short(∼250 residues) and long-chain ADH or Iron-ADH genes superfamilies (600–750 residues or approximately 385 amino acid residues up to almost 900 residues) (Chase, 1999; Deng et al, 2002; Alka et al, 2013; Jönvall et al, 2013), and the mediumchain ADHs clustered into eight classes in vertebrates, based on sequence similarity, catalytic features and gene expression patterns (Thompson et al, 2007). We conclude further investigation is required to make functional annotation for the majority of predicted ADH in plant genomes
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