Abstract
The paper presents the results of a 3-year study on the technological reliability and the efficiency of typical domestic wastewater treatment in two hybrid constructed wetland systems (CWs) located in the area of the Roztocze National Park (Poland). The studied objects consist of an initial settling tank and a system of two beds of the vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) (VF–HF) type with reed and willow. The wastewater flow rate in the constructed wetlands systems (CWs) was 0.4 and 1.0 m3/d, respectively. During the study period (2017–2019) 20 series of analyses were performed and 60 wastewater samples were collected. Based on the obtained results the effects of pollutant removal and the technological reliability were determined, which were specified with the Weibull method. The average efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 96–99%. Slightly lower effects were obtained in the case of total phosphorus (TP) removal (90–94%), as well as for total suspended solids (TSS) (80–87%) and total nitrogen (TN) (73–86%) removal. The analysed CWs were characterised by 100% technological reliability for BOD5 and COD, as well as a good reliability for TSS and TP (87–100%) but slightly lower for TN removal (35–89%). Hybrid CWs of VF–HF type should be recommended to use in protected areas for wastewater treatment and water resources quality protection.
Highlights
National parks are institutions of great socio-educational importance, their activities should be linked to the process of education about sustainable development and environmental protection [1]
The average values of pollutants in wastewater inflowing to the 1st vertical flow (VF) type beds in the studied systems are presented in Tables 2 and 3
Suspended solids that are not removed in pre-treatment system are effectively removed by processes of filtration and settlement which occur in the constructed wetlands systems (CWs) [56]
Summary
National parks are institutions of great socio-educational importance, their activities should be linked to the process of education about sustainable development and environmental protection [1]. In Poland, according to the Act of 16 April 2004 on Nature Conservation “it is prohibited to build or reconstruct construction or technical facilities in national parks and nature reserves, with the exception of facilities and equipment serving the purposes of a national park or a nature reserve” [4]. In such areas, it is necessary to build water supply and wastewater treatment systems that should not interfere with the natural environment [2,3]. Implemented water and wastewater management has a significant impact on limiting the eutrophication process of surface waters and reduces the degradation of groundwater quality [5,6,7,8]
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