Abstract
Although breast cancer has been previously considered “cold” tumors, numerous studies are currently conducted to explore the great potentials of immunotherapies in improving breast cancer patient outcomes. In addition to the focus on stimulating adaptive immunity for antitumor responses, growing evidence showed the importance of triggering host innate immunity to eradicate established tumors and/or control tumor metastasis of breast cancer. In this review, we first briefly introduce the breast tumor immune microenvironment. We also discuss innate immune targets and pathways and mechanisms of their synergy with the adaptive antitumor response and other treatment strategies. Lastly, we review clinical trials targeting innate immune pathways for breast cancer therapies.
Highlights
Breast cancer is considered one of the leading causes of death in women
CSF) in post-surgical female patients diagnosed as stage II/III vaccine, recombinant vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM
Breast tumor cells synthesize and secret TGFb that directly or indirectly target various immune cells, which altogether mediate the immune escape for invasion and metastasis [46]
Summary
Breast cancer is considered one of the leading causes of death in women. Over 40,000 breast cancer-related deaths can be present in the same year [1]. Breast cancer disease is well known for its phenotypical heterogeneity. It is usually classified into three subtypes that display unique cellular and molecular patterns: luminal ER-positive, HER2-like, and basal-like subtype [2, 3]. Breast tumors mainly consist of malignant cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and stromal components, including infiltrating immune cells that shape tumor initiation. The malignant cells undergo a constant evolution during tumor development to form a specialized tissue architecture with a dissociated ECM and cancer-associated inflammation [4]
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