Abstract
Stochastic resonance in clusters of major histocompatibility molecules is extended by a more detailed description of adaptive thresholding and by applying the notion of suprathreshold stochastic resonance as a stochastically quantizing encoder of transmembrane signaling downstream of major histocompatibility molecules and T-cell receptors on the side of presenting and recognizing cells, respectively. The adaptive nature of thresholding is partly explained by a mirroring of the noncognate–cognate dichotomy shown by the T-cell receptor structure and the kinetic-segregation model of the onset of T-cell receptor triggering. Membrane clusters of major histocompatibility molecules and T-cell receptors on their host cells are envisioned as places of the temporal encoding of downstream signals via the suprathreshold stochastic resonance process. The ways of optimization of molecular prostheses, such as chimeric antigen receptors against cancer in transmembrane signaling, are suggested in the framework of suprathreshold stochastic resonance. The analogy between Förster resonance energy transfer and suprathreshold stochastic resonance for information transfer is also discussed. The overlap integral for energy transfer parallels the mutual information transferred by suprathreshold stochastic resonance.
Highlights
We show that the combination of the lipid raft concept with that of the stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon gives rise to a functional framework in which the observed geometrical rearrangements of the MHC clusters and their intracellular associations can obtain deeper explanations, e.g., MHC and TCR clusters [10] can be envisioned as places of temporal encoding of downward signals via SR, i.e., as molecular encoders carrying out stochastic digitization
Based on the structural and conformational dynamical data found in the literature, we propose that TCR is a threshold detector
Learned in the absence of coreceptor (Panel B), should be completed with a local signal amplification elicited by the intracellular domain of CD4 upon a conformational rearrangement of CD4 induced by the catch bond formed between the TCR and peptide-MHCII complex (pMHCII) [63,64]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Entropy 2022, 24, 389 connecting a number of threshold detectors (‘threshold devices’), each capable for the conventional subthreshold SR, a stochastic resonance can be observed at the output of this detector array at changing the noise levels on the detectors, independently from the size of the input signal, i.e., whether it is sub- or supra-threshold. This new SR occurs not in the “signal-per-noise ratio” (SNR) as for the conventional subthreshold “single-device”. To accomplish these tasks, first the main ingredients of SR and SSR, the nature of the input and output signals, the processes with the role of noise, and the structure and mechanism realizing the thresholding act, should be assigned tot he immunological signalling processes at hand
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
