Abstract
Metal nanoparticle biosynthesis using micro-organisms has emerged as a clean, eco-friendly option to chemical methods. This study demonstrates eco-friendly CuO nanoparticle synthesis using Chlorococcum sp. microalgal cell lysate supernatant (CLS) as a reductant. Design-Expert software was employed to optimize CuO nanoparticle synthesis, considering CuSO4•5H2O:CLS ratio, CuSO4•5H2O concentration, and pH. CuO nanoparticles were characterized and used to form sodium alginate (SA)-CuO nanoparticle beads (CuO-SA beads) through a cross-linking step, exhibiting crystalline monoclinic phases with an average size of 22 nm. The best synthesis yield (94%) of CuO nanoparticles was obtained at pH 10, 2 mM CuSO4•5H2O and CuSO4•5H2O/CLS ratio of 4:1. These beads showed high phenol removal in batch and fixed-bed column adsorption tests, with a capacity of 444.45 mg/ g in fixed-bed column tests using OMWW with a phenol concentration of 4247 mg L-1. Batch and fixed-bed column adsorption of phenol tests were conducted to evaluate the adsorption capacity of CuO-SA beads, and adsorption tests showed high phenol removal capacity, fitting well with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. Over five adsorption cycles, regeneration of the CuO-SA beads reduced the removal rate from 50% to 30% at the same phenol concentration. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis revealed chemisorption dominance and H-bonding interactions between phenol and SA-CuO bead surfaces.
Published Version
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