Synergisticγ-In2 Se3 @rGO Nanocomposites with Beneficial Crystal Transformation Behavior for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Abstract

Crystal transformation of metal compound cathodes during charge/discharge processes in alkali metal-ion batteries usually generates profound impact on structural stability and electrochemical performance, while the theme in anode materials, which always occurs and completes during the first redox cycle, is rarely explored probably due to the fast transformation dynamics. Herein, for the first time, a unique crystal transformation behavior with slow dynamics in anode of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is reported, which further promotes electrochemical performance. Specifically, irreversible γ → β crystal transformation of In2 Se3 is observed, induced by the persistent size degradation of In2 Se3 particles during repeated sodiation/desodiation, supported by a series of ex situ characterizations, such as HRTEM, XRD, and XPS of γ-In2 Se3 /reduced graphene oxide (γ-In2 Se3 @rGO) nanocomposite. The hybrid electrode shows ultrahigh long-term cycling stability (378mA h g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 after 1000 cycles) and excellent rate capability (272mA h g-1 at 20.0 A g-1 ). Full battery with Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cathode also manifests superior performance, promising β-In2 Se3 dominated electrode materials in high-power and long-life SIBs. The first-principle calculations suggest the crystal transformation enhances electric conductivity of β-In2 Se3 and facilitates its accessibility to sodium. In combination with the synergistic effect between rGO matrix, substantially enhanced electrochemical performance is realized.