Sustainable production of buildings based on Iranian vernacular patterns: A water footprint analysis

Abstract

Vernacular (indigenous) buildings have been proven to be adaptive to climatic conditions. However, their water footprint benefits have not been discussed in the literature. This research aims to provide an in-depth evaluation of the influence of vernacular structures (including adobe, brick, stone, and wood) compared to modern structures (steel and concrete) on the water footprint of a selection of 42 residential buildings. The paper proposes that when building construction follows vernacular patterns, the contribution of the building industry to water pollution and water resources can be substantially reduced. Grey and blue water footprints are computed throughout production chains by employing water footprint accounting and life cycle inventory techniques. The grey water footprints of vernacular buildings are 327 times smaller than the grey water footprints of modern buildings. For modern buildings, the grey water footprint is dominated by the grey water footprint of steel and cement production. The blue water footprint of vernacular buildings is mostly related to construction personnel. While traditional building practices represent an important part of cultural heritage and have the potential to provide insights into sustainable and resource-efficient building practices, there are concerns regarding their compliance with present-day construction codes and standards. Therefore, this study evaluates the water footprint of both vernacular and contemporary building practices, taking into account their potential for sustainable building practices.