Abstract
Currently, chaos-based cryptosystems are being proposed in the literature to provide confidentiality for digital images, since the diffusion effect in the Advance Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is weak. Security is the most important challenge to assess in cryptosystems according to the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST), then cost and performance, and finally algorithm and implementation. Recent chaos-based image encryption algorithms present basic security analysis, which could make them insecure for some applications. In this paper, we suggest an integral analysis framework related to comprehensive security analysis, cost and performance, and the algorithm and implementation for chaos-based image cryptosystems. The proposed guideline based on 20 analysis points can assist new cryptographic designers to present an integral analysis of new algorithms. Future comparisons of new schemes can be more consistent in terms of security and efficiency. In addition, we present aspects regarding digital chaos implementation, chaos validation, and key definition to improve the security of the overall cryptosystem. The suggested guideline does not guarantee security, and it does not intend to limit the liberty to implement new analysis. However, it provides for the first time in the literature a solid basis about integral analysis for chaos-based image cryptosystems as an effective approach to improve security.
Highlights
Information security in modern digital systems and telecommunication networks has been one of the major concerns during the last few decades with an increasing research area in cryptography to provide confidentiality and protect secrets from eavesdroppers, intruders, adversaries, or enemies by using cryptosystems
We present a suggested integral analysis framework based on a comprehensive security analysis, cost and performance analysis, and algorithm and implementation details, with the aim to establish a basis in security analysis for chaos-based image cryptosystems
Some advances over the algorithm design have been addressed to resist the chosen/known plain image attack, where the plain image is included for the chaotic keystream used in the encryption process [25,36], adding random values to the plain image before encryption [52], or by using the SHA256 algorithm for the plain image [16,56], but the receiver must have the same hash value for each different image encryption; it could be included in the cryptogram, but if it is damaged during transmission, the receiver cannot retrieve the original image; or the sender could securely exchange it with the receiver each time a different plain image is encrypted
Summary
Information security in modern digital systems and telecommunication networks has been one of the major concerns during the last few decades with an increasing research area in cryptography to provide confidentiality and protect secrets from eavesdroppers, intruders, adversaries, or enemies by using cryptosystems. We present a suggested integral analysis framework based on a comprehensive security analysis, cost and performance analysis, and algorithm and implementation details, with the aim to establish a basis in security analysis for chaos-based image cryptosystems. The proposed guideline based on 20 analysis points can assist cryptographic designers to present a common study about an integral security analysis of their new cryptosystems with the aim to show exhaustive information about security, reliability, integrity, protection of secrets, easy of use, speed, and acceptable costs. The suggested framework is based on a literature review, new analysis (such as histogram uniformity, graphic autocorrelation, and floating frequency), and the evaluation criteria of NIST for cryptosystems (security, cost and performance, and the algorithm and implementation).
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