Abstract
MANY students of individual eras or reigns of Roman imperial history have noticed the practice, which in time became notorious, of subsidizing the border peoples and nations with what the Romans called gifts or stipends of gold or other products. What has not been appreciated is that this practice, far from being confined to the weaker periods, militarily speaking, was nearly continuous from Augustus to the end of the Byzantine Empire, gradually growing in importance until it became the main defence of the frontiers. This review will only consider the development of the policy during the first five centuries A.D. In general a chronological order will be followed but within large periods geographical distinctions will also be made.
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