Abstract
Kininogen (KNG) is the precursor protein of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). High molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) KNGs are formed by alternative splicing of kng1 in mammals. HMW KNG interacts with plasma kallikrein to produce bradykinin (BK) and is involved in the contact activation of the blood coagulation process. LMW KNG interacts with tissue kallikreins to produce [Lys0]-BK. Amphibians have lost functional KNG but they produce skin kinins from other secretory proteins as poisons for self-protection. The histidine-rich domain of HMW KNG can release anti-microbial and anti-fungal peptides for immune functions. HMW KNG also downregulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration, inhibits angiogenesis, and reduces apoptosis. LMW KNG inhibits the aggregation of thrombocytes. The cystatin domains on KNG are identical to those of alpha-cysteine proteinase inhibitors and act as natural inhibitors for cysteine cathepsins.
Published Version
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