Abstract
Objective: In this study, the main objective was to evaluate the association of markers of obesity with the inflammatory markers in pre-diabetes and diabetes.
 Methods: This study recruited 300 participants (100 control group, 100 pre-diabetic group, and 100 diabetic group). The anthropometric variables such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC), and biochemical variables such as fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, uric acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin were analyzed in each participant by standard methods.
 Results: The present study documented significantly high values of BMI and WHR in patient (pre-diabetic and diabetic) groups compared to the control group. Similarly, the level of adiponectin decreased and that of uric acid, CRP, fibrinogen, and IL-6 increased significantly. Both BMI and WC were correlated significantly with inflammatory mediators in diabetic patients. The correlation with adiponectin was negative. In the pre-diabetic group, a significant correlation was observed only between WHR, adiponectin, and uric acid.
 Conclusion: This study supports the fact that obesity-induced systemic inflammation of low grade is significantly associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes, thereby keeping these individuals at high risk of future complications especially cardiovascular diseases.
Highlights
Since the past few decades, an increasing trend in the incidence of obesity has been observed
According to different animal studies, brown adipose tissue is involved in glucose and energy homeostasis [3], while white adipose tissue especially visceral type is the source of inflammatory mediators such as adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and leptin [4]
General obesity was indicated in terms of body mass index (BMI) ≥25 while abdominal obesity was represented in terms of waist-hip ratio (WHR) ≥0.9 and waist circumference (WC) >90 cm
Summary
Since the past few decades, an increasing trend in the incidence of obesity has been observed. Researches documented obesity as the causative agent to various abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [1]. The previous studies have reported increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in obesity, thereby suggesting the link between inflammation, obesity, and its associated complications [5]. As individual progresses to obesity, the adipocytes become hypertrophic and hyperplastic with a consequent reduction in blood supply leading to hypoxia that incites infiltration of macrophages into and necrosis of adipocytes causing the production of pro-inflammatory molecules in the excess amount [6]. Alterations in adipocyte physiology unhinge its anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory secretory balance, thereby favoring dysglycemia which on the long-term leads to diabetes and cardiovascular complications [7]
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