Abstract
This article simulates free and forced convection (FCN) in a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure. In the center of the cage are five rectangular heat sources with high temperatures. The two side walls are insulated, and the top (moving) and bottom walls are maintained at a low temperature. In the presence of a magnetic field (MFD) along the length of the enclosure, which is saturated with copper/water nanofluid, the enclosure is affected. The study examines the impact of the Richardson number (Ri) ranging from 0.1 to 100 and Hartmann number (Ha) changing from 0 to 40 on average Nusselt number (NUA). Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and FORTRAN software are employed for numerical simulations. The results of this study demonstrate that an increment in the Ha enhances the Nusselt number (Nu) at the Ri of 0.1. At other Ri, enhancing the Ha reduces the NUA. The maximum NUA is 6.89 for the Ha of 40 and the Ri of 0.1. The enhancement in the Ri and the reduction of FCN strength reduce the NUA. The horizontal enclosure has the maximum Nu, which is equal to 3.10, and the vertical enclosure has the minimum NUA.
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