Studies of the borderline between concerted and stepwise mechanisms of elimination: E1cB elimination of fluoren-9-yl-methyl carboxylate esters

Abstract

Rates of β-elimination of carboxylate leaving groups from fluoren-9-ylmethyl carboxylate esters in methanolic sodium methoxide at 25° are reported. An E1cB mechanism with rate-determining formation of a carbanion intermediate is assigned on the basis of near identity of measured elimination rates and rates of carbanion formation predicted from a Taft correlation, and the similarity with elimination of 1-(1-acetoxy-1-methylethyl)indene for which the mechanism has been established by Ahlberg and Thibblin. Values of ρ= 0.42 and β1g= 0.27 measured for substituted benzoate leaving groups are a little larger than expected (ca. 0.24 and 0.18, respectively) and the discrepancy is tentatively ascribed to conformational enhancement of remote substituent effects, rather than to a contribution of E2 elimination. The effects of alkyl and aryl substitution α to the leaving group are discussed, especially in relation to the borderline between concerted and stepwise mechanisms. The measurements fail to confirm an earlier inference that the borderline shows a discontinuity in transition-state structure at the point of mechanistic change.