Abstract
Nickel-Copper (Ni-Cu) alloys exhibit simultaneously high strength and toughness, excellent corrosion resistance, and may show good wear resistance. Therefore, they are widely used in the chemical, oil, and marine industries for manufacturing of various components of equipment, such as: drill collars, pumps, valves, impellers, fixtures, pipes, and, particularly, propeller shafts of marine vessels. Processing technology includes bar forging, plate and tube rolling, wire drawing followed by heat treatment (for certain alloy compositions). Growing demand for properties improvement at a reduced cost initiate developments of new alloy chemistries and processing technologies, which require a revision of the microstructure-properties relationship. This work is dedicate to analysis of publicly available data for the microstructure, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms in Ni-Cu alloys. The effects of composition (Ti, Al, Mn, Cr, Mo, Co contents) and heat treatment on grain refinement, solid solution, precipitation strengthening, and work hardening are discussed.
Highlights
The Ni-Cu system forms the basis for the Monel alloy family (Table 1)
In in thisthis alloy strengthening occurs via four grain grain refinement, solid solution, precipitation and dislocation strengthening hardening)
The solution annealed alloy was found to contain a moderate density of annealing twins, which usually appeared as parallel bands bounded by coherent (111) planes
Summary
The Ni-Cu system forms the basis for the Monel alloy family (Table 1). Monel was discovered by Robert Crooks Stanley who was employed by the International Nickel Company (INCO) in 1901. Monel alloys can be fabricated by hot and cold metal forming processes and machining. With their cost reaching up to 3 times that of Ni and 7 times that of Cu [16,17,18]. Their use is limited to those applications where they cannot be replaced with a cheaper alternative. Major additions of copper (28–40 wt.%) improve corrosion resistance of Ni in many agents, in particular nonoxidizing acids, nonaerated sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids [19,20,21] This determines areas of application of Ni-Cu alloys. They are widely used for manufacturing various components of equipment in chemical, oil and marine industries (such as drill collars, pumps, valves, fixtures, piping, fasteners, screws, propeller shafts, steam generators, turbines [22,23,24,25,26,27]), for protective coating [28,29], for manufacturing electrical and electronic equipment (resistors, bimetal contacts, capsules for transistors and ceramic-to-metal sealing [30,31]), and in fuel cells [32,33]
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