Strategy construction to minimize the limitation of respiratory viral vaccine development

Abstract

Recent outbreak by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a major global public threat. Similarly, for several years other coronaviruses, RSV or Influenza viruses are also equally showing risk to the worldwide population. Therefore, several countries have been given tremendous efforts to generate an effective vaccine against respiratory viral infections. It is very important to understand the attributes of a protective mucosal antiviral immune response for the development of a vaccine for respiratory viral infections. Characteristics of the mucosal immune system and evolution of the mucosal vaccine play an important role in protection against respiratory viral infection. Memory CD8 T cell populations play a crucial role in making high levels of gamma interferon and tumour necrosis factor may be essential for protection. Whereas developed vaccines of respiratory infections continue to fail in effectively generating long-lived protective immunity. Hence, memory CD8 T cell can elicit long-lived immunity, and immunostimulatory adjuvants such as OX40, OX40L or IL12 can enhance the memory CD8 T cell. Viroporin on the other hand use as a vaccine candidate to avoid viral mutation, as a result, the present review work was constructed for a novel combination i.e., immune adjuvant with newly viral antigenic gene or vaccine candidate that can fulfill the limitation of vaccine development for respiratory infection.