Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane barrier considered one of the most crucial protective architectures in the central nervous system (CNS). Its presence acts as a hurdle due to which most brain-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) lose their therapeutic efficacy. Various strategies have been developed recently to assist drugs to cross the BBB. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated DDS has emerged as an effective non-invasive tool for treating brain diseases, including cancer. NPs are considered an effective DDS, which can mediate the delivery of drugs even to deep-seated regions in the brain. NPs protect the therapeutic agents by encapsulating them and ensuring they reach the target site without metabolic degradation. This review will explore BBB's structural and functional aspects, including physiological mechanisms governing its penetration and various pathological modifications. Such insights are critical in formulating innovative strategies for successfully targeting damaged regions. Once the drug crosses BBB, its concentration, metabolic decomposition, and BBB's structure hold significance. Also, the different designed NP systems exploited for drug delivery to the brain have been extensively reviewed. This review forebodes the importance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in developing personalized therapies.
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