Abstract
Electric Vehicle (EV) technology is one of the most promising solutions to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector. However, a large increase of EVs raises concerns about negative impacts on electricity generation, transmission, and distribution systems. This study analyzes the benefits and trade-offs for EV penetration in Thai road transport based on EV penetration scenarios from 2019 to 2036. Two charging strategies are considered to assess the impact of EV charging: free charging and off-peak charging. Uncertainty variables are considered by a stochastic approach based on Monte-Carlo simulation (MCS). The simulation results shown that the adoption of EVs can reduce both energy consumption and GHG emissions. The results also indicate that the increased load due to EV charging demand in all scenarios is still within the buffer level, compared to the installed generation capacity in the Power Development Plan 2018 revision 1 (PDP2018r1), and the off-peak charging strategy is more beneficial than the free-charging strategy. However, the increased load demand caused by all EV charging strategies has a direct impact on the power generating schedule, and also decreases the system reliability level.
Highlights
Nowadays, climate change and global warming are negatively impacting the global environment through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
In order to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and address global warming, all countries in the world are motivated to change the direction of development from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electromobility options, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and full battery electric vehicles (EVs)
PHEVs are more suitable for urban transport than EVs, as the distances traveled in urban centers is generally not very long, compared to the distances traveled across the city [2]
Summary
Climate change and global warming are negatively impacting the global environment through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Several studies have been conducted to address the negative impacts of EV charging on the distribution grid and assess the capacity of available electricity generation to meet the increased load, as well as investigating charging strategies which may ameliorate these impacts. Reference [13] developed the modelling of EV charging demand on New. Zealand’s power system distribution network, with a consideration of randomness and heterogeneity based on transport statistics data. Reference [14] conducted the simulation of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging in the Korean power grid based on a stochastic approach for transmission system planning. The lack of consideration of heterogeneity in the EV charging demand modelling for power generation systems at the national level is a research gap in the above studies and leads to insufficient efficiency in EV penetration impact assessment.
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