Status of Direct Conversion Detectors for Medical Imaging With X-Rays

Abstract

Imaging detectors for medical X-ray and computed tomography (CT) applications have undergone many improvements and technology changes over time. But most (dynamic) detectors sold in this field still rely on indirect conversion, using scintillators and photodiodes to convert the X-ray quanta ultimately into electrical signals. Direct conversion detectors promise very high spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios. Some direct conversion materials may allow for counting or even energy resolving detection of the X-ray quanta. Based on this, for example spectrally resolving CT systems are becoming an interesting option for the next decade. This contribution highlights the requirements of advanced medical X-ray and CT imaging and reviews examples of status and progress in the field. The emphasis is on the direct conversion sensors for pixelated detectors, but considerations on read-out concepts and on associated challenges such as interconnects will also be presented. Finally, the most burning issues, such as count rate limitations and polarization effects, will be discussed from an application point of view.