Abstract
The water levels downstream of the Sai Gon and Dong Nai river in Southern Vietnam have been significantly changed over the last three decades, leading to severe impacts on urban flooding and salinity intrusion and threating the socio-economic development of the region and lives of many local people. In this study, the Mann-Kendall (MK) and trend-free prewhitening (TFPW) tests were applied to detect the water level trends and changepoints based on a water level time series at six gauging stations that were located along the main rivers to the sea over 1980–2019. The results indicated that the water level has rapidly increased by about 0.17 to 1.8 cm/year at most gauge stations surrounding Ho Chi Minh City, strongly relating to urbanization and the dike polder system’s impacts that eliminates the water storage space. In addition, the operation of upstream reservoirs has contributed to water level changes with significant consequences since the high-water level at Tri An station on the Dong Nai river occurs 1000–1500 times compared to 300–500 times before the operation. Although the effects of the flows from the sea are less than the two other factors, the local government should seriously consider water level changes, especially in the coastal regions. Our study contributes empirical evidence to evaluate the water level trends in the planning and development of infrastructure, which is necessary to adapt to future changes in Southern Vietnam’s hydrologic system.
Highlights
Introduction iationsUrbanization and urban expansion, especially in riparian and coastal areas, are increasing all over the world [1,2]
This study aims at statistically analyzing the water dynamics in the lower Sai Gon—Dong Nai river, Vietnam by: (i) determining six-station-based water level trends in the downstream of the SGDN using the non-parametric tests
The autocorrelation test-based results for all the analytical options of the six gauging stations almost show lag-1 autocorrelation (Table 2) because all r1 values are out of the range r(f) and r(b). These results allow the use of trend-free prewhitening (TFPW) to analyze the water level trends
Summary
Urbanization and urban expansion, especially in riparian and coastal areas, are increasing all over the world [1,2]. Economic development and urbanization in the urban cities will put strain on natural river systems [4,5,6,7,8], altering the hydrological system [9], aquatic ecology [10,11], and in particular, increasing urban flooding [12,13,14], resulting in negative consequences for people, economic losses, social disruption, and environmental pollution [15,16,17]. Climate change is one of the most important factors that is influencing the hydrological systems and changes in water levels in many urban regions worldwide, which has been seriously examined by a number of recent studies [18,19,20,21,22].
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