Abstract
Background: Bone marrow analysis is an invasive practice applicable to identifying, staging, and pursuing tumours. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of malignant hematological disorders using bone marrow aspirate and biopsy at Dr. Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Blood Diseases (DIEKIBD).
 Methodology: In this retrospective study, 756 patient records were examined for bone marrow analysis including both aspiration & biopsy, from January 2014 to December 2018. The posterior superior iliac crest was preferred for bone marrow sampling and aspiration was done with the help of a Salah bone marrow needle.
 Results: It was observed that about half of the bone marrow examinations, i.e. 362 (47%), were carried out for tumour staging. Of which 260 (71.8%) were not compromised by primary diseases, while 102 (28.17%) cases contained primary diseases. Among non-malignant hematological disorders, megaloblastic anemia and mixed deficiency anemia were the most frequent, i.e. 24 (3.1%) each. In comparison, chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia were the most prevalent malignant hematological disorders 42(5.5%) each.
 Conclusion: As per the study results, the pathological analysis of bone marrow via aspirate and trephine biopsy has comparatively more significant value in diagnosing and staging the malignant disorders than the non-malignant disorders.
Highlights
Evaluation of bone marrow is one of the mainstays in the field of hematology
We aimed to study the spectrum of malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders using bone marrow aspirate and biopsy at Dr Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Blood Diseases (DIEKIBD)
This study shows that mixed deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia were the most frequent nonmalignant hematological pathologies (Table 1), followed by aplastic anemia observed in 1.8% of patients
Summary
Bone marrow investigation has a significant role in evaluating several disease processes and establishing the final diagnosis of many hematological and nonhematological disorders. Bone marrow investigation comprises bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy[2]; it aids in the diagnosis, staging and prognosis of hematological malignancies[3] It reveals infections in many cases and establishes the diagnosis of storage diseases[4]. It confirms chromosomal abnormalities[5, 6] and helps in diagnosing metastatic non-hematopoietic malignancies associated with bone marrow[7]. Conclusion: As per the study results, the pathological analysis of bone marrow via aspirate and trephine biopsy has comparatively more significant value in diagnosing and staging the malignant disorders than the non-malignant disorders
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