Abstract
Ecosystems are composed of organisms that affect each other in positive and negative ways. Community ecologists study the interactions among species using theory, classifications, and empirical examples. Species are often studied in pairs or small groups to examine competition, predation, and mutualism. To reflect more species and therefore more interactions, ecologists characterize food webs and metacommunities. In multispecies interactions, nonlinear dynamics appear where a species indirectly affects others through intermediaries. Human activities can change species interactions, affecting community composition, species or population extinction, and evolution.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
