Abstract
Simple SummaryToxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are among the major abortifacient pathogens in sheep and goats. Environmental risk factors may contribute to the spread of both protozoans among sheep and goats. In this study, the spatial analysis provided additional information useful to study the patterns of distribution and spread of diseases, increasing the comprehension of the association between disease processes and explanatory environmental variables. The research aimed to explore whether geographical or environmental factors could influence the infections by T. gondii and N. caninum in sheep and goats in northern Italy and identify areas at risk of infection. A heterogenic distribution of seroprevalence both pathogens was highlighted in the study area with areas at high or low risk according to the protozoan. Particularly, annual temperature, rainfall, and their association enhanced the risk of T. gondii and N. caninum infection among sheep. Otherwise, the risk for goats to acquire those infections did not depend on environmental or geographical features, but instead on factors associated with individual characteristics or farm management. The results observed in this study suggest spatial analysis is a useful tool to implement control measures to prevent these important protozoan diseases for small ruminant breeding.The objectives of this study were: (i) To investigate possible geographical or environmental factors influencing the infections by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep and goats in northern Italy; (ii) to identify areas at risk of infection to set up preventive measures. Forty-three sheep and goat farms were included. Their locations were plotted and associated with T. gondii and N. caninum seroprevalence, then the distribution of farms’ prevalence was evaluated by spatial analysis. Significant clusters for both low and high prevalence were obtained, and a generalized linear model with ordinal logistic regression was implemented to verify if spatial clustering could be due to climate factors (temperature, rainfall, and their interaction). Clusters of high (80.0%) and low prevalence (28.12%) resulted for T. gondii seroprevalence in sheep farms. No significant clusters resulted for goat farms. Clusters of high (38.68%) and low prevalence (21.23%) resulted for N. caninum seroprevalence in sheep farms. One high-prevalence cluster (15.62%) resulted for goat farms. For goats, spatial analysis and analysis on climatic data showed the absence of environmental significant risk factors associated with T. gondii or N. caninum infection. On the contrary, for sheep, annual temperature, rainfall, and their association affected the risk of T. gondii and N. caninum infection. Particularly, high temperatures and abundant rainfalls were related to T. gondii seroprevalence, while low temperatures and scarce rainfalls were related to N. caninum seroprevalence.
Highlights
Toxoplasma gondii is considered a major foodborne parasite and poses significant risks to public health
As several epidemiological studies demonstrated the presence of T. gondii and N. caninum in domestic and wild animals including small ruminants from this territory [14,15,28,29,30,31,32], the present study aimed to investigate possible geographical or environmental factors influencing the distribution of these protozoal infections and to identify areas at high risk of infection in order to establish preventive measure to control their spread
Thesheep spatial analysis highlighted a heterogenic of T. gondii infection among sheep farms, creating one significant cluster of high prevalence and one of low prevalence (Figure 2)
Summary
Toxoplasma gondii is considered a major foodborne parasite and poses significant risks to public health. T. gondii infection, which is usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent patients, may have severe repercussions on the fetus (i.e., chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, abortion) [3]. Several routes of infection exist in humans, with the most common route of infection being through the consumption of food products of animal origin [5]. Small ruminants’ meat is considered one of those containing the highest number of tissue cysts, and a major source of infection as a consequence of poor food hygiene practices and/or undercooking of meat, especially in those countries where the consumption of sheep and goat meat is part of the culinary tradition [6]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
