Abstract
Every food web has the following properties: 1. (1) there is an even number of species in trophic contact (eating or eaten) with an odd number of species. The number of species eating or eaten by an even number of species may be either even or odd; 2. (2) the number of species eating an odd number of species is even or odd as the number of species eaten by an odd number is likewise even or odd; similarly, the number eating an even number of species is even or odd as is the number eaten by an even number of species; 3. (3) when the number of species in trophic contact with an even number of species is odd, then the number of species feeding on an odd number is respectively even or odd as the number of feeding on an even number is odd or even; the number eaten by an odd number bears a similarly opposite relation to the number eaten by an even number. When the number of species in trophic contact with an even number is even, the numbers eating an odd number, eating an even number, eaten by an odd number and eaten by an even number, are either all even or all odd. 4. (4) when there is an odd number of species in trophic contact with an even number, both the total number of feeding species and the total number of species consumed are odd; when the number in trophic contact with an even number is even, then both the total numbers of species feeding and consumed are even.
Published Version
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