Abstract

Abstract: Solar energy has proven to be an undisputed frontrunner among renewable energy sources: it is clean, environmentally responsible, and cost-effective. The utilization of solar energy as a sustainable and renewable source of power has gained significant attention in recent years. The rapid growth of solar farms and solar roofs of residential buildings has led to an increase in demand for solar modules in the global market. Therefore, the maintenance and monitoring of solar modules must rely on an effective technique for predicting and evaluating future performance. Solar hotspots, also known as solar irradiance anomalies, are areas on solar photovoltaic (PV) panels or arrays that experience excessive heating, resulting in decreased energy output and potential damage to the PV cells.

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