Abstract
Slum population has had a relative decrease during the 21st century in Brazil. Beginning in the 1990’s, the Brazilian public policy towards slums has been notable, both at national and local levels. Nevertheless, priority has been given to improvement works, evaluation of their results has been a neglected aspect, and a knowledge gap between investments and their impacts has broadened. This paper aims at summarizing the contributions of researchers at the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA), who conducted slum-upgrading evaluations from 2009 until 2014. They comprise methodologies and procedures for a meta-evaluation of intervention projects as a means to improving programs; a logical model for the evaluation of the intervention in one of the largest favelas in the country; an evaluation guideline proposal for a nationwide precarious settlements urbanization program; and relevant findings of the focus group technique as a qualitative research method. The paper seeks to publicize the results achieved in an effort to advise governments and improve their policies; to foster discussion on tailored evaluation methodologies; to contribute critically with international development agencies; and to reinforce the exercise of citizenship through evaluation practices, transparency, and accountability.
Highlights
One in eight people, or an estimated one billion globally, live in slums (UNHABITAT, 2016)
Slums are comprised of populations suffering from at least one housing deprivation: lack of access to improved water supply and sewage, insufficient living area, housing durability, and tenure security (UNITED NATIONS, 2015)
The 2014 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Report found that 29.7 percent of the urban population in developing countries suffer from at least one housing deprivation (UNITED NATIONS, 2015)
Summary
An estimated one billion globally, live in slums (UNHABITAT, 2016). Slum upgrading or “reurbanization of favelas”, as it is referred to in Brazil, originated in the 1980’s with metropolitan cities initiatives – Projeto-Rio (1979) pioneering the Favela-Bairro program in Rio de Janeiro (1992), PREZEIS in Recife (1987), Santo Andre (1989), Belo Horizonte (1983), Sao Paulo (1980) and Diadema (1983) These cases have combined the provisions of essential public services, accessibility, and housing improvement with the extensive land regularization goal requiring lengthy legal proceedings. Following the closure of the National Housing Bank (BNH) in 1986, urban policies began to reorganize first at the local level and subsequently at the national level in the late 1990s under the strategy developed at Brazilian municipalities that use different tenure instruments to convey land rights and urban upgrading. This report serves multiple purposes: to publicize the results achieved in an effort to advise governments and improve public policies; to foster discussion on tailored evaluation methodologies; to contribute to similar efforts by banks and international development agencies; and to reinforce the exercise of citizenship through evaluation practices, transparency, and accountability
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