Abstract
Healthy sleep is essential for human health. It performs important biological functions and positively affects health and longevity through the metabolic and endocrine systems. Sleep disorders are serious clinical conditions that can reduce life expectancy and quality of life. Sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm disruption, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are widespread in modern society and can accumulate over time. The adverse cardiometabolic and reproductive consequences of insufficient sleep are becoming increasingly evident. In men, persistent sleep deprivation and sleep disorders can lead to several health problems, including hypogonadism. This is because testosterone levels increase during sleep and peak during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Consequently, persistent disruptions in sleep architecture and loss of sleep can lead to a decrease in male sex hormone levels. On the other hand, low testosterone levels can worsen sleep quality and efficiency and lead to nighttime awakenings. This article reviews and discusses the relationship between sleep disturbances and testosterone deficiency, as well as methods for correcting these conditions.
Published Version
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