Abstract
Situational awareness (SA) is defined as the perception of entities in the environment, comprehension of their meaning, and projection of their status in near future. From an Air Force perspective, SA refers to the capability to comprehend and project the current and future disposition of red and blue aircraft and surface threats within an airspace. In this article, we propose a model for SA and dynamic decision-making that incorporates artificial intelligence and dynamic data-driven application systems to adapt measurements and resources in accordance with changing situations. We discuss measurement of SA and the challenges associated with quantification of SA. We then elaborate a plethora of techniques and technologies that help improve SA ranging from different modes of intelligence gathering to artificial intelligence to automated vision systems. We then present different application domains of SA including battlefield, gray zone warfare, military- and air-base, homeland security and defense, and critical infrastructure. Finally, we conclude the article with insights into the future of SA.
Highlights
Situational awareness (SA) can be defined as the cognizance of entities in the environment, understanding of their meaning, and the projection of their status in near future.From an Air Force perspective, SA refers to the capability to conceive the current and future disposition of red and blue aircraft and surface threats within a volume of space
The Internet of military things (IoMT)/Internet of battlefield things (IoBT) can collect the vital parameters of soldiers and their equipment in the battlefield along with their geographical location, which can be stored in graphic databases that would enable the commander to visualize this information to better gauge the health of the military assets in the battlefield
A Combined Vision System (CVS) is a combination of synthetic vision and enhanced flight vision systems [42]
Summary
Situational awareness (SA) can be defined as the cognizance of entities in the environment, understanding of their meaning, and the projection of their status in near future. SA is needed for many domains such as emergency and/or disaster response, industrial process control SA, and infrastructure monitoring, SA is particulary important for military and Air Force. The U.S DOD dictionary of military and associated terms defines C2 as: “The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission” [2]. For dismounted operators to engage efficiently, they must obtain and comprehend information regarding their environment and utilize this information to predict events in the near future, and plan and adapt their actions . We define and elaborate SA from a military and Air Force perspective.
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