Single-Stage Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs): A Design Tutorial

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive design tutorial for four types of single-stage operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs): (1) five-transistor OTAs, (2) telescopic cascode OTAs, (3) folded cascode OTAs, and (4) current mirror OTAs. These OTAs serve as fundamental building blocks in analog circuits. The operational principles of each OTA are reviewed, and the key performance metrics are derived through a hand analysis. These performance metrics encompass most crucial parameters, including small-signal parameters, frequency response, input and output swing ranges, rising and falling slew rates, nonidealities, and bias circuit simplicity. All of these metrics are verified and compared using the simulation. Furthermore, the practical applications of each OTA are summarized, and a case study demonstrates the enhancement of a neural recording amplifier’s performance through appropriate OTA selection. A thorough review of the essential building blocks will become a stepping stone to design high-performance analog amplifiers across diverse applications.