Abstract
In shaft construction, conducting shaft drilling and pregrouting simultaneously is expected to speed up the sinking rate and save the cost. Reasonable determination of the spatial locations of the drilled shaft and grouting holes and proper defining of the start time of each construction work are the crucial techniques. To smoothly execute the simultaneous operations, the bedrock to be grouted is divided into two sections. The upper bedrock is injected first using straight grouting holes to act as a tight cover to protect shaft drilling. Then, the lower formations are grouted using S-shaped grouting holes, which are performed simultaneously with shaft drilling. The construction time of simultaneous operations of pregrouting for the lower bedrock using S-shaped holes and shaft drilling is the saved time. The main technical challenges include the stability of grouting holes and safety of shaft walls, as well as the disposal of the contaminative waste drilling mud. The stability of grouting holes which might affect by the shaft drilling-induced ground vibration could be evaluated according to the penetration of ground vibration caused by TBM tunnelling. If the grouting hole is in the range of ground vibration, protective measures including casing and ground improvement should be utilized to ensure the stability of grouting holes. The stability of unlined walls of the drilled shaft caused by the increased groundwater pressure can be achieved by a tight cover between the drilled shaft and pregrouting holes. The thickness of the cover is actually the length of the straight holes. The cover should have sufficient thickness and impermeability, which can considerably reduce or even completely stop the increased groundwater pressure in vicinity of the drilled shaft. The thickness and permeability of the cover could be determined using Maag’s solution for penetration of grouts in porous media. On the other hand, the waste drilling mud with proper modifications can be reutilized to prepare clay-cement-like grouts, which could provide an eco-friendly and cheap solution to harmlessly treat the huge volume of waste drilling mud. The properties of waste drilling mud and behaviors of grouts prepared using the waste mud should be experimentally investigated before reutilization, owing to uncertainties of geology in various cases. The construction time using the simultaneous operation method is just about 60% of that of the traditional excavation method, and the low value of measured residual water inflow shows the reliability of reusing the waste drilling mud as grouting materials. The proposed method could virtually improve the shaft sinking rate and save the construction cost. The principles developed for these technical challenges have been proved to be applicable in practices, which are believed to strongly support the applicability of this new method in other cases.
Highlights
Vertical shafts are virtually considered as the most important accesses of deep mining in the plain area, which always provide services for underground operations such as ventilation, transportation of workers and ores, communications, and power supply [1, 2]
To minimize the risk of groundwater inflow during excavating in upper alluviums formations, shaft drilling is considered as a safer construction method for shaft sinking in upper alluviums to replace the artificial ground freezing method, while pregrouting from the surface followed by the conventional drilling and blasting method is believed to be the most reliable method for shaft excavation in the bedrock [3, 5, 8, 9]
There are extremely few literatures that investigated the technical concerns and problems encountered in the simultaneous operations of pregrouting and shaft drilling. e purpose of this paper is to focus on evaluations of the technical challenges emerged in the process of simultaneous operations
Summary
Zhipeng Xu ,1,2 Xuhai Feng ,3 Shengsheng Li ,3 Liming Fan ,4 and Changwu Liu 1,2. Received 21 February 2020; Revised 27 September 2020; Accepted 17 October 2020; Published 9 December 2020. In shaft construction, conducting shaft drilling and pregrouting simultaneously is expected to speed up the sinking rate and save the cost. E upper bedrock is injected first using straight grouting holes to act as a tight cover to protect shaft drilling. E construction time of simultaneous operations of pregrouting for the lower bedrock using S-shaped holes and shaft drilling is the saved time. E main technical challenges include the stability of grouting holes and safety of shaft walls, as well as the disposal of the contaminative waste drilling mud. E stability of unlined walls of the drilled shaft caused by the increased groundwater pressure can be achieved by a tight cover between the drilled shaft and pregrouting holes. The waste drilling mud with proper modifications can be reutilized to prepare clay-cement-like grouts, which could provide an eco-friendly and cheap solution to harmlessly treat the huge volume of waste drilling mud. e properties of waste drilling mud and behaviors of grouts prepared using the waste mud should be experimentally investigated before reutilization, owing to uncertainties of geology in various cases. e construction time using the simultaneous operation method is just about 60% of that of the traditional excavation method, and the low value of measured residual water inflow shows the reliability of reusing the waste drilling mud as grouting materials. e proposed method could virtually improve the shaft sinking rate and save the construction cost. e principles developed for these technical challenges have been proved to be applicable in practices, which are believed to strongly support the applicability of this new method in other cases
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