Simultaneous extraction/derivatization for the analysis of sulfite by capillary electrophoresis: A high-throughput reference method to meet the demand of seafood inspection

Abstract

Sulfite is widely used to prevent enzymatic browning in shrimp and lobster processing. However, sulfite may cause allergy in sensitive consumers. Thus, regulatory agencies set limits for its use. Sulfite is usually controlled by the normalized Monier-Williams (MW) titrimetric method that allows a limited number of samples to be analyzed. This manuscript consolidates an innovative method for sulfite inspection in seafood by capillary zone electrophoresis with diode array detector (CZE-DAD). A simple, fast, and simultaneous extraction and derivatization method was developed to provide high throughput for analytical routine. The high instability of the sulfite was suppressed by its derivatization with formaldehyde producing hydroxymethylsulfonate. The evaluation of its analytical performance yielded excellent results in compliance with the strict parameters required for metrological accreditation. The CZE-DAD method was selective and specific when submitted to confirmatory evaluations by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The limit of detection (3.50 mg kg−1), limit of quantitation (11.7 mg kg−1) and recoveries (99–103%) were adequate for sample analysis. The measurement uncertainty was estimated by the propagation of errors and experimental standard uncertainties (precision, accuracy, and analytical curves) and type B uncertainties from traceable measurement instruments. The low relative uncertainty (10%) and the adequate reproducibility demonstrated method suitability. The CZE-DAD results were compared to the MW method through the respective expanded standard uncertainties and normalized error. This new method is promising to be used in seafood inspection and continuous laboratory evaluations using instrumentation not very expensive to acquire and maintain.