Abstract
AbstractA new family of robust, non‐toxic, water‐compatible ruthenium(II) vinyl probes allows the rapid, selective and sensitive detection of endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) in live mammalian cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Uniquely, these probes incorporate a viscosity‐sensitive BODIPY fluorophore that allows the measurement of microscopic viscosity in live cells via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) while also monitoring CO levels. This is the first example of a probe that can simultaneously detect CO alongside small viscosity changes in organelles of live cells.
Highlights
A new family of robust, non-toxic, water-compatible ruthenium(II) vinyl probes allows the rapid, selective and sensitive detection of endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) in live mammalian cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions
Longer decays were observed as the glycerol percentage increased (Figure 4 A), confirming that the probe could successfully detect viscosity changes
The shorter fluorescence lifetime observed upon incubation with hemin (Figures 5 I,J) suggested a decrease of intracellular viscosity, which indicates that hemin and CO-releasing molecules (CORMs)-2 treatments do not result in the same cellular environment
Summary
A new family of robust, non-toxic, water-compatible ruthenium(II) vinyl probes allows the rapid, selective and sensitive detection of endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) in live mammalian cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Our previous work on CO detection resulted in a new approach using divalent ruthenium vinyl complexes to deliver combined chromogenic and fluorogenic responses.[19] Reaction of these compounds with CO results in bright, turn-on emission of a conjugated fluorophore, providing high selectivity and sensitivity towards CO, as demonstrated in an in vivo model of inflammation.[20] The probe design described incorporates a BODIPY-based molecular rotor, which detects the binding of CO, and enables the use of FLIM for viscosity monitoring. Using CORMs to generate CO in aqueous solution (Supporting Information, Section S4),[21] the performance of the probes was compared (Figure 2; Figure S4–7).
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