Abstract
We investigated the service life of storage batteries to provide recommendations on the design of energy storage systems used in islanded energy systems based on renewable power sources. The service life of maintenance-free, sealed lead-acid batteries produced by absorbed glass mat (AGM) technology was determined by endurance tests carried out by repeated charge/discharge cycles according to specified load profiles, implemented at a specialized Chroma Test System station. Three battery load profiles were simulated: one for the standard DC charge/discharge mode, and two for the charge/discharge modes from renewable energy sources. To this end, the actual data obtained from monitoring the operating modes of a wind power plant were used. It was found that the battery service life depends on the intensity of stress factors. Among them, the throughput factor has the most pronounced influence on the battery lifespan. To extend the service life of storage batteries, it is proposed to separate the charge/discharge modes in time. For batteries operated on renewable energy profiles, this approach decreases time intervals between full charges and at low battery levels, which increases the battery service life by 14%. A solution to designing an energy storage system for microgrids was proposed, which consists in the use of a combined double-circuit energy storage unit. An experimental prototype of such a unit with a power of 15 kW was developed. The use of a combined energy storage unit in the microgrid system: increases the battery service life by 20–30% compared to analogues; improves the static and dynamic stability of the local energy system with a response time of no more than 50 ms towards power change; allows a fuel replacement level of at least 25%; reduces the electricity cost by 25–30%.
Highlights
Islanded energy systems based on various generating units, such as microgrids1, are promising technologies for producing electrical energy
We investigate the service life of Storage batteries (SB) operated in microgrids to propose recommendations on the design of energy storage systems for use in islanded renewable energy sources (RES) energy systems
Fig. 2 shows a fragment of SB life tests registered for different load profiles
Summary
Islanded energy systems based on various generating units, such as microgrids, are promising technologies for producing electrical energy. Microgrid technology was initially aimed at increasing the energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of autonomous power supply systems that incorporate diesel generator sets (DGS). The developers relied on the use of renewable energy sources (RES), both wind power plants (WWP) and photovoltaic installations. Microgrids can operate either in gridconnected or islanded mode. According to the Navigant Research analytical company, in 2018, the annual production of islanded and gridconnected microgrids amounted to 1,231 MW and 1,463 MW, respectively, with the total sales volume exceeding USD 3 billion. By 2027, the market demand for such microgrids is predicted to reach 4,230 MW and 11,576 MW, respectively, which will require investments of about USD 30 billion
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