Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection (HBsAg) and associated factors among antenatal clinic attendees in a secondary-level facility in southern Ghana

Abstract

IntroductionVertical transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is the predominant mode of HBV transmission in highly endemic settings worldwide where the HBV seroprevalence is above 8%. Newborns who contract HBV at birth have a higher risk of chronic infections that can result in liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HBV through screening of pregnant women during the antenatal period and universal vaccination of newborns are important strategies for eliminating new childhood HBV infections. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in the study area and to determine the factors associated with a positive HBV disease status. The findings from this study will help in obtaining a baseline for comparing future trends and identifying risk factors for HBV that need to be eliminated in southern Ghana. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional hospital-based analytic study in which 225 pregnant women were surveyed using a semi structured questionnaire. Blood samples were taken and analysed qualitatively for HBsAg. The data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported into STATA version 17 for analysis, with a significance level set at <0.05. ResultsThis study revealed that the seroprevalence of HBV infection (HBsAg positivity) was 8.0% CI (5%–12.4%) among the pregnant women. The HBV vaccination coverage was 50.2%. Pregnant women with a history of sexually transmitted diseases were six times more likely to test positive for HBsAg aOR: 6.36 (CI = 0.35–2.92, p = 0.019). Additionally, women who had received at least one dose of the HBV vaccine had lower odds of having HBV infection than did those who failed to vaccinate (aOR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01–0.66, P = 0.020). ConclusionsThe prevalence of HBV infection is relatively high in this population. HBV vaccination and sexually transmitted infections play significant roles in HBV infection and transmission in the study area. Interventions to promote HBV vaccination among the adult population as well as among newborns and STI prevention strategies are needed to reverse the trend of HBV infections in the study area.